Details of Microbe Species (MIC)

General Information of MIC (ID: MIC00516)
MIC Name Escherichia coli (enterobacteria)
MIC Synonyms Bacillus coli
Body Site Gut
Lineage Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Enterobacterales
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Escherichia
Species: Escherichia coli
Oxygen Sensitivity Facultative anaerobe
Microbial Metabolism Fermentative or Respiratory; Utilize various carbohydrates; amino acids and TCA cycle intermediates
Gram Negative
Host Relationship Commensal
Genome Size (bp) 5140092
No. of Coding Genes 5494
No. of Non-Coding Genes 113
No. of Small Non-Coding Genes 113
No. of Gene Transcripts 5607
No. of Base Pairs 5443340
Description Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli, is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms. Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts. The harmless strains are part of the normal microbiota of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K, and preventing colonisation of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria, having a symbiotic relationship.
External Links Taxonomy ID
562
Genome Assembly ID
ASM301845v1
GOLD Organism ID
Go0001810
Disease Relevance
          Autism spectrum disorder  [ICD-11: 6A02]
             Description Escherichia coli was significantly decreased in autistic children. [1]
          Autoimmune liver disease  [ICD-11: DB96]
             Description Escherichia was associated with PSC-IBD(primary sclerosing cholangitis-inflammatory bowel disease), but not with isolated PSC. [2]
          Coeliac disease  [ICD-11: DA95]
             Description Escherichia coli were detected more often in Celiac disease patients than in controls. [3]
          Colorectal cancer  [ICD-11: 2B91]
             Description Escherichia coli was associated with colorectal cancer. [4]
          Crohn disease  [ICD-11: DD70]
             Description Patients with active Crohns disease had higher numbers of Escherichia coli. [5]
          Inflammatory bowel disease  [ICD-11: DD72]
             Description Escherichia coli may be implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as implied from a higher prevalence of mucosa-associated E. coli in the gut of IBD-affected individuals. [6]
          Irritable bowel syndrome  [ICD-11: DD91]
             Description Numbers of Epsilonproteobacteria reduced in irritable bowel syndrome than control. [7]
          Ulcerative colitis  [ICD-11: DD71]
             Description The Escherichia coli is considered to play an important role in Ulcerative colitis pathogenesis. [8]
Host Genetic Factors (HGFs)
          VIPR2
             HGF ID HGF2350 HGF Info       Class Copy Number Variation: Gene Deletion (CNV-GDe)
             Description The deletion of VIPR2 has been associated with the increased abundance of Escherichia. [9]
          MUC2
             HGF ID HGF2331 HGF Info       Class Copy Number Variation: Gene Deletion (CNV-GDe)
             Description The deletion of MUC2 was significantly increased the abundance of Escherichia coli (p-value<0.05). [10]
          MYD88
             HGF ID HGF2337 HGF Info       Class Copy Number Variation: Gene Deletion (CNV-GDe)
             Description The magnitude of epithelial invasion by Escherichia coli was significantly increased when MyD88 was deleted. [11]
          HES1
             HGF ID HGF2338 HGF Info       Class Copy Number Variation: Gene Deletion (CNV-GDe)
             Description The deletion of HES1 was significantly associated with an increase of Escherichia coli (p-value<0.05). [12]
          SMARCAD1
             HGF ID HGF2342 HGF Info       Class Copy Number Variation: Gene Deletion (CNV-GDe)
             Description The deletion of SMARCAD1 was significantly associated with a decrease of Escherichia coli (p-value<0.05). [13]
          AIM2
             HGF ID HGF2344 HGF Info       Class Copy Number Variation: Gene Deletion (CNV-GDe)
             Description The abundances of Escherichia coli was significantly higher in Aim2 knockout mouse feces as compared with those in the wild-type mice (p-value<0.05). [14]
          C4B
             HGF ID HGF2348 HGF Info       Class Copy Number Variation: Gene Duplication (CNV-GDu)
             Description The low C4B-CN has been significantly associated with the decreased abundance of Escherichia coli (p-value<0.05). [15]
          hsa-miR-106b-5p
             HGF ID HGF0287 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description In Escherichia coli-exposed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the expression of hsa-miR-4802-3p was downregulated with statistical significance (p-value < 0.05). [16]
          hsa-miR-375-3p
             HGF ID HGF0674 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description The miR-375-3p was the most activated in intestinal epithelial stem cell, and only sensitive to the microbiota Escherichia coli from intestinal epithelial stem cell. [17]
          hsa-miR-133a-2-3p
             HGF ID HGF0645 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description The miR-133a-2-3p expressed in the mice exposed to Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of Escherichia coli, showed upregulation greater than 4-fold with a p-value < 0.01. [18]
          hsa-miR-133a-1-3p
             HGF ID HGF0644 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description The miR-133a-1-3p expressed in the mice exposed to Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of Escherichia coli, showed upregulation greater than 4-fold with a p-value < 0.01. [18]
          hsa-miR-1224-5p
             HGF ID HGF0634 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description The hsa-miR-1224-5p could change gene expression of the facultative anaerobic Escherichia coli. [14]
          hsa-let-7b-5p
             HGF ID HGF0300 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description The let-7b overexpression reduced the severity of colitis induced by adherent-invasive Escherichia coli infection in mouse models of Crohns disease. [19]
          hsa-miR-10a-5p
             HGF ID HGF0286 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description The bone marrow-derived DC miR-10a expression was significantly downregulated by treatment with Escherichia coli and A4 bacteria (p-value<0.05). [20]
          hsa-miR-1226-5p
             HGF ID HGF0283 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description The miR-1226-5p, which is copious in faecal samples, has been reported to support the proliferation of Escherichia coli by entering gut bacteria and controlling their gene expression. [21]
          hsa-miR-141-3p
             HGF ID HGF0259 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description The miR-141 expression showed 1.32-fold down-regulation by Escherichia coli infection. [22]
          hsa-miR-146a-5p
             HGF ID HGF0252 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description The miR-146a downregulated the expression of the genes IRAK1 and TRAF6 in Escherichia coli. [23]
          hsa-miR-18a-5p
             HGF ID HGF0238 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description Escherichia coli polyA polymerase was used to detect hsa-miR-18a-5p expression. [24]
          hsa-miR-193b-3p
             HGF ID HGF0223 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description The miR-193b-3p expressed in the mice exposed to Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of Escherichia coli, showed upregulation greater than 4-fold with a p-value < 0.01. [18]
          hsa-miR-200a-3p
             HGF ID HGF0213 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description The expression of miR-200a is significantly increased after Escherichia coli infection, and the miR-200a may also target the bovine ZEB1 gene to regulate the development of Escherichia coli-induced dairy mastitis disease. [25]
          hsa-miR-21-5p
             HGF ID HGF0204 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description The expression of miR-21-5p was significantly up-regulated 1.05-fold change in Escherichia coli. [26]
          hsa-miR-451a
             HGF ID HGF0129 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description The miR-451a expression showed 3.63-fold up-regulation by Escherichia coli infection. [22]
          hsa-miR-548ai
             HGF ID HGF0562 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description The expression of miR-548ai was down-regulated 3.04-fold in Escherichia coli. [16]
          hsa-miR-623
             HGF ID HGF2671 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description The hsa-miR-623 miRNA in human could increase the mRNA expression of yegH in the facultative anaerobic Escherichia coli. [14]
          has-miR-4747-3p
             HGF ID HGF2672 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description The hsa-miR-4747-3p in human could increase the mRNA expression of yegH in the facultative anaerobic Escherichia coli. [14]
          hsa-miR-1226-5p
             HGF ID HGF2670 HGF Info       Class Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
             Description The hsa-miR-1226-5p miRNA in human could increase the mRNA expression of yegH in the facultative anaerobic Escherichia coli and promote the growth of Escherichia coli. [14]
          rs5744455
             HGF ID HGF1872 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Upstream variant (SNP-UV)
             Description The CD14 rs5744455 SNP is significantly associated with Escherichia coli colonization in the first month of life. [27]
          rs4986791
             HGF ID HGF1278 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Missense variant (SNP-MV)
             Description The TLR4 rs4986791 SNP is significantly associated with Escherichia coli colonization in the first month of life. [27]
          rs4986790
             HGF ID HGF1279 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Missense variant (SNP-MV)
             Description The TLR4 rs4986790 SNP is significantly associated with Escherichia coli colonization in the first month of life. [27]
          rs4451431
             HGF ID HGF1715 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
             Description The rs4451431 SNP is significantly associated with the abundance of Escherichia coli (p-value=1.57875E-06). [28]
          rs2915863
             HGF ID HGF1870 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Upstream variant (SNP-UV)
             Description The CD14 rs2915863 SNP is significantly associated with Escherichia coli colonization in the first month of life. [27]
          rs2770150
             HGF ID HGF1971 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
             Description The TLR4 rs2770150 SNP is significantly associated with Escherichia coli colonization in the first month of life. [27]
          rs2569191
             HGF ID HGF1871 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Upstream variant (SNP-UV)
             Description The CD14 rs2569191 SNP is significantly associated with Escherichia coli colonization in the first month of life. [27]
          rs2569190
             HGF ID HGF1270 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
             Description The borderline significant multiplicative interaction was found between Escherichia coli and the rs2569190 (CD14/-159) SNP regarding allergic sensitization. [27]
          rs2563298
             HGF ID HGF1869 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Prime UTR variant (SNP-PV)
             Description The CD14 rs2563298 SNP is significantly associated with Escherichia coli colonization in the first month of life. [27]
          rs1927911
             HGF ID HGF1283 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
             Description The TLR4 rs1927911 SNP had a significantly decreased risk to become sensitized if they were colonized with Escherichia coli in early infancy. [27]
          rs11536889
             HGF ID HGF1285 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Prime UTR variant (SNP-PV)
             Description The TLR4 rs11536889 SNP is significantly associated with Escherichia coli colonization in the first month of life. [27]
          rs11536878
             HGF ID HGF1282 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
             Description The TLR4 rs11536878 SNP is significantly associated with Escherichia coli colonization in the first month of life. [27]
          rs11145753
             HGF ID HGF1364 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
             Description The rs11145753 SNP is significantly associated with the abundance of Escherichia coli (p-value=2.69227E-06). [28]
          rs10870199
             HGF ID HGF1713 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Synonymous variant (SNP-SV)
             Description The rs10870199 SNP is significantly associated with the abundance of Escherichia coli (p-value=2.11828E-06). [28]
          rs10870188
             HGF ID HGF1714 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Missense variant (SNP-MV)
             Description The rs10870188 SNP is significantly associated with the abundance of Escherichia coli (p-value=5.02838E-06). [28]
          rs10781497
             HGF ID HGF1363 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Synonymous variant (SNP-SV)
             Description The rs10781497 SNP is significantly associated with the abundance of Escherichia coli (p-value=2.44096E-06). [28]
          rs10759932
             HGF ID HGF1286 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Upstream variant (SNP-UV)
             Description Escherichia coli colonization was associated with a decreased risk of sensitization only in children with the rs10759932 TT genotype (adjusted odds ratio, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.14-0.68, p-value=0.001) and not in children with the minor C allele. [27]
Host Immune Factors (HIFs)
          Adrenomedullin
             HIF ID HIFM0003 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description Ultrastructural analyses have shown that treatment with Adrenomedullin(AM) causes a cell-wall disruption in Escherichia coli. [29]
          Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide
             HIF ID HIFM0014 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description LL-37 showed the high antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, and its minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) determined for Escherichia coli was 1.65 uM. The LL-37 could permeabilize cell membranes of Escherichia coli by increasing the beta-galactosidase activity. [30]
          Melanocyte-stimulating hormone alpha
             HIF ID HIFM0064 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description The ability of the Escherichia coli ClpB protein to stimulate production of Alpha-MSH crossreactive auto-Abs was validated. [31]
          C-X-C motif chemokine 14
             HIF ID HIFM0077 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description The recombinant CXCL14 demonstrates antimicrobial effects against Escherichia coli at 10g/ml. [32]
          Human beta defensin 3
             HIF ID HIFM0079 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description The expression of HBD3 increases the cellular uptake of Escherichia coli and self-DNA into mouse Flt-3 induced dendritic cells (FLDCs) (p-value<0.01). [33]
          Defensin beta 120
             HIF ID HIFM0084 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description The DEFB120 peptide possessed potent killing with LD90 of 60g/ml against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. [34]
          Human beta-defensin 10
             HIF ID HIFM0091 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description The hBD10 inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli at the concentration of 25M for 6 hours. [35]
          Human beta defensin 2
             HIF ID HIFM0092 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description Escherichia coli strains are able to induce secretion of hBD-2 from enterocytes. [36]
          Eosinophil cationic protein
             HIF ID HIFM0094 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description The RNase 3 showed bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli when the hemolytic activity of 11.2M. [37]
          Isoform 2
             HIF ID HIFM0106 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description Membrane blebbing was observed on Escherichia coli incubated with alarin at 20M. [38]
          Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 1
             HIF ID HIFM0111 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description The IC50 value of Hepcidin for Escherichia coli is 18.66M. [39]
          Interleukin 26
             HIF ID HIFM0146 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description The recombinant human IL-26 inhibited the growth of gram-negative bacteria (such as Escherichia coli) by direct bactericidal action and the median minimum inhibitory concentration values were in the range of 8.6 to 18.6 M. [40]
          Regenerating islet-derived protein 3-beta
             HIF ID HIFM0197 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description The recombinant purified RegIII had bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and the effective doses for bactericidal activity were below 2.5 M. [41]
          Ribonuclease 7
             HIF ID HIFM0201 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description RNase 7 showed potent antimicrobial activity against uropathogenic Escherichia coli. [42]
          Human calcitermin
             HIF ID HIFM0206 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description Calcitermin of 50ug/ml had inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli. [43]
          Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor
             HIF ID HIFM0208 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitoris (SLPI) has antiprotease activity and is detrimental to Escherichia coli. [44]
          Human alpha-synuclein
             HIF ID HIFM0209 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description Colonization with curli-producing Escherichia coli can promote alpha-Syn pathology in the gut and the brain. [45]
          Human lactoferricin
             HIF ID HIFM0237 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description Lactoferricin has shown antibacterial activity against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. [46]
          HD-5(1-13)
             HIF ID HIFM0288 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description Additional big HD-5113 treatment led to bigger aggradation inside the bacteria Escherichia coli MC1000. [47]
          hGAPDH(2-32)
             HIF ID HIFM0293 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description The antifungal activities hGAPDH(2-32) with 10 g/ml is less active against Escherichia coli. [48]
          Human neutrophil peptide-1
             HIF ID HIFM0305 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description The lethal concentrations of HNP-1 for killing Escherichia coli is 1.0M. [49]
          Human neutrophil peptide-4
             HIF ID HIFM0308 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description Human neutrophil defensin 4 (HNP4) displays more than 100-fold higher activity against Escherichia coli compared with other defensins. [50]
          Human Salvic peptide
             HIF ID HIFM0310 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description Salvic expresses 46 amino acids peptide (pI=9.45) possessing an antimicrobial activity on Escherichia coli. [51]
          Koebnerisin
             HIF ID HIFM0325 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description Escherichia coli could significantly induce human S100A15 transcript abundance. [52]
          Semenogelin I-derived AMP 29-residues, human
             HIF ID HIFM0326 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description SgI-29 has a defense against Escherichia coli. [38]
          SPINK9-v1
             HIF ID HIFM0328 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description In the presence of 1% of tryptic soy broth (TSB), rSPINK9-v1 showed high killing activity against Escherichia coli; in contrast, without the presence of TSB, rSPINK9-v1 showed no killing activity. [53]
          Ubiquicidin
             HIF ID HIFM0333 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description The abundance of Escherichia coli is associated with Ubiquicidin. [54]
          Ubiquitin
             HIF ID HIFM0334 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description Escherichia coli bacteria could modulate ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) turnover. [55]
          Human beta-defensin-28
             HIF ID HIFM0338 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description Human HBD-28 variant has inhibitory effect against pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli. [56]
          Human drosomycin-like defensin
             HIF ID HIFM0298 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description Neither Human drosomycin-like defensin nor drosomycin was active against the bacteria Escherichia coli. [57]
          B cells
             HIF ID HIFC0001 HIF Info       Class B cells (BCs)
             Description Escherichia coli induced B cells to generate CNS-reactive autoantibodies. [58]
          IgG plasma B cell
             HIF ID HIFC0219 HIF Info       Class B cells (BCs)
             Description Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) vaccine exhibited positive IgG plasma cell responses. [59]
          IgA plasma B cell
             HIF ID HIFC0221 HIF Info       Class B cells (BCs)
             Description The expression of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) vaccine exhibited positive IgA plasma cell responses. [59]
          T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1b
             HIF ID HIFM0039 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description CD1b dextramers loaded with natural PG from Escherichia coli. [60]
          DNAX accessory molecule-1
             HIF ID HIFM0042 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description The ectodomain of human CD226 (hCD226-ecto) was expressed in Escherichia coli cells as inclusion bodies. [61]
          Natural killer cell receptor 2B4
             HIF ID HIFM0043 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description A single-chain Fv construct of the 2B4 T-cell receptor has been made and expressed in Escherichia coli as bacterial inclusion bodies. [62]
          Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 7
             HIF ID HIFM0044 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description The abundance of Escherichia coli was associated with higher numbers of CD20(+) B cells that expressed the memory marker CD27 at 4 and 18 month of age. [63]
          B7 homolog 3
             HIF ID HIFM0045 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description B7-H3 based on its emerging potential as a therapeutic target displayed high expression levels in Escherichia coli. [64]
          CD40 ligand
             HIF ID HIFM0051 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description T helper cells up-regulates CD40L (CD154) when stimulated with antigens from Escherichia coli. [65]
          CEA cell adhesion molecule 1
             HIF ID HIFM0057 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description CEACAM1 serves as a receptor for Escherichia coli pathogens in humans. [66]
          Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
             HIF ID HIFM0068 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description Changes in CTLA-4 activity regulate the abundance of Escherichia coli. [67]
          T cell immunoglobulin 3
             HIF ID HIFM0110 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description TIM-3 expressed in neutrophils is directly involved in reducing the abundance of Escherichia coli. [68]
          Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1
             HIF ID HIFM0120 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) promotes uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) colonization of bladder in murine cystitis and survival of extracellular bacteria. [69]
          ICOS ligand
             HIF ID HIFM0125 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description Escherichia coli stimulation resulted in an increased percentage of CD11c-positive cells expressing B7RP-1 (ICOSLG). [70]
          Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3
             HIF ID HIFM0164 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description The abundance of Escherichia coli is associated with CD58 activation. [71]
          Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 15
             HIF ID HIFM0224 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description The p38 MAPK inhibitors significantly reduced Escherichia coli induced TL1A mRNA in both monocytes (p-value<0.001). [72]
          Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 18
             HIF ID HIFM0225 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description The extracellular domain of human GITR ligand has been expressed and purified in Escherichia coli. [73]
          Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 9
             HIF ID HIFM0228 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description The extracellular domain of the 4-1BBL ligand fused with glutathione-S-transferase is expressed in Escherichia coli. [74]
          Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 18
             HIF ID HIFM0230 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description GITR contributes to the systemic adjuvanticity of the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. [75]
          T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1c
             HIF ID HIFM0040 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description CD1c protein changed the abundance of Escherichia coli. [76]
          C-C motif chemokine 20
             HIF ID HIFM0023 HIF Info       Class Cytokine (Cyt)
             Description CCL20 has a property conferring a direct antimicrobial enzymatic activity against Escherichia coli. [77]
          C-X-C motif chemokine 2
             HIF ID HIFM0069 HIF Info       Class Cytokine (Cyt)
             Description The expression of CXCL2 was found to positively correlate with the pro-inflammatory bacterium Escherichia coli. [78]
          C-X-C motif chemokine 1
             HIF ID HIFM0109 HIF Info       Class Cytokine (Cyt)
             Description Basolateral Escherichia coli infection induced about 60-fold increase in CXCL1 transcription. [79]
          Interferon-13
             HIF ID HIFM0132 HIF Info       Class Cytokine (Cyt)
             Description Escherichia coli increased the IL-13 expression. [80]
          Interferon-4
             HIF ID HIFM0149 HIF Info       Class Cytokine (Cyt)
             Description Splenic TFF2 in attenuating SR-induced reduced protective ability against Escherichia coli (E. coli) pneumonia and increased expression of IL-4. [80]
          Interferon-5
             HIF ID HIFM0150 HIF Info       Class Cytokine (Cyt)
             Description Escherichia coli increased significantly the mRNA expression (p-value<0.01) of thehe pro-Th2 cytokine IL-5 (2.56 fold change) in IPEC-1 cells. [81]
          Skin conventional dendritic cells
             HIF ID HIFC0161 HIF Info       Class Dendritic cells (DCs)
             Description Neutrophil recruitment by dermal skin conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) was also observed during Escherichia coli. [82]
          Conventional dendritic cells
             HIF ID HIFC0164 HIF Info       Class Dendritic cells (DCs)
             Description Escherichia coli infection led to a reproducible increase in TNF production by conventional dendritic cells in response to poly or lipopolysaccharide. [83]
          Immunoglobulin alpha Fc receptor
             HIF ID HIFM0097 HIF Info       Class Fc Receptor (FCR)
             Description After targeting FcRI (CD89), neutrophils enhanced the effect of reducing Escherichia coli abundance. [84]
          Neutrophils
             HIF ID HIFC0029 HIF Info       Class Granulocytes (Gra)
             Description The bacterium Escherichia coli could cross-react with melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). [58]
          Immunoglobulin M
             HIF ID HIFM0266 HIF Info       Class Immunoglobulin (Ig)
             Description IgM leads to protection against bacterial infection of Escherichia coli. [85]
          Immunoglobulin G1
             HIF ID HIFM0269 HIF Info       Class Immunoglobulin (Ig)
             Description Immunoglobulin G1 decreases the abundance of Escherichia coli. [86]
          Immunoglobulin G
             HIF ID HIFM0270 HIF Info       Class Immunoglobulin (Ig)
             Description The 50-g dose of double mutant heat-labile enterotoxin (dmLT) of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli recipients trended toward stronger responses than the 100-g dose recipients by serum IgG (67% versus 33%, p-value= 0.22). [59]
          Immunoglobulin E
             HIF ID HIFM0271 HIF Info       Class Immunoglobulin (Ig)
             Description Low Escherichia coli is positively associated with IgE immune responses. [87]
          Immunoglobulin A
             HIF ID HIFM0272 HIF Info       Class Immunoglobulin (Ig)
             Description The monoclonal IgA antibodies W27 with potent relative binding ability against Escherichia coli (an optical density of about 4 at an antibody concentration of 50 ug/ml) could inhibit the enzymatic activity of the serine hydroxymethyltransferase, which resulted in growth suppression of Escherichia coli. When the concentrations of IgA W27 were 23 ug/ml, 70 ug/ml and 210 ug/ml, the cell growth of Escherichia coli was inhibited significantly in a dose-dependent manner (~108 cells, ~106 cells, ~103 cells, respectively) (p-value<0.05). [88]
          Immunoglobulin D
             HIF ID HIFM0277 HIF Info       Class Immunoglobulin (Ig)
             Description IgD levels in uncinate tissue were significantly higher in patients who possessed pathogenic Escherichia coli bacterial growth compared with those without bacterial growth (p-value<0.05). [89]
          Immunoglobulin G3
             HIF ID HIFM0267 HIF Info       Class Immunoglobulin (Ig)
             Description Escherichia coli was associated with IgG3 response. [90]
          Type 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells
             HIF ID HIFC0009 HIF Info       Class Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)
             Description Innate lymphoid cell type 3Cderived interleukin-22 boosts the expression and production of lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and resulting inhibiting growth of Escherichia coli. [91]
          Macrophages
             HIF ID HIFC0020 HIF Info       Class Macrophages (Mac)
             Description Macrophages from adult colon excelled at taking up fluorescently labeled Escherichia coli into acidified vesicles. [92]
          Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor
             HIF ID HIFM0250 HIF Info       Class MHC-I receptor (MHCIR)
             Description Expression in Escherichia coli has been achieved by replacing three fourths of the transmembrane pore with the pore of a prokaryotic Kir channel. [93]
          CD16 + monocytes
             HIF ID HIFC0118 HIF Info       Class Monocytes (Mono)
             Description CD16+ monocytes expressed IL-6 in response to stimulation with LPS from Escherichia coli, and more than 80% of CD16+ monocytes expressed cytoplasmic IL-6. [94]
          CD16- monocytes
             HIF ID HIFC0119 HIF Info       Class Monocytes (Mono)
             Description CD16- monocytes expressed IL-6 in response to stimulation with LPS from Escherichia coli, although only about 60% of CD16- monocytes expressed IL-6. [94]
          CD14+ monocytes
             HIF ID HIFC0205 HIF Info       Class Monocytes (Mono)
             Description CD14+ monocytes have higher phagocytic activity than CD14- monocytes for Echerichia coli. [95]
          CD14+ CD16+ monocytes
             HIF ID HIFC0209 HIF Info       Class Monocytes (Mono)
             Description CD14+CD16+ monocytes increased in children with hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli bacteria. [96]
          CD14- monocytes
             HIF ID HIFC0213 HIF Info       Class Monocytes (Mono)
             Description Experiments performed with Echerichia coli showed that CD14- monocytes have lower phagocytic activity than CD14+ monocytes. [95]
          TNF+ monocytes
             HIF ID HIFC0215 HIF Info       Class Monocytes (Mono)
             Description The percentage of TNF-alpha producing monocytes increased after Escherichia coli infection from 11.5 % to 47.2% 4 hours post infectionem. [97]
          GFP- monocytes
             HIF ID HIFC0216 HIF Info       Class Monocytes (Mono)
             Description Escherichia coli infection induced by stander-apoptosis of GFP- monocytes. [97]
          Peripheral blood natural killer cells
             HIF ID HIFC0181 HIF Info       Class Natural killer cells (NKCs)
             Description Peripheral blood NK cells conferred protection against intestinal epithelial barrier damage induced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in NCM460 cells in vitro. [98]
          Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma
             HIF ID HIFM0205 HIF Info       Class Retinoic acid receptor (RAR)
             Description RORC expression was associated with Escherichia coli. [99]
          CD3+ T cells
             HIF ID HIFC0064 HIF Info       Class T cells (TCs)
             Description Escherichia coli-induced TNF-like ligand 1A drived intestinal CD3+ T cells activation during colitis. [100]
          T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4
             HIF ID HIFM0050 HIF Info       Class T-cell receptor (TCR)
             Description Escherichia coli and B animalis reactive CD4+ T-cell lines were strongly restimulated when cultured with autologous monocytes loaded with Escherichia coli or B animalis lysates. [101]
Environmental Factor(s)
             Disbiome ID
      51
             gutMDisorder ID
      gm0305
             aBiofilm Organism
      Escherichia coli
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