General Information of MIC (ID: MIC01368)
MIC Name	Verrucomicrobia (verrucomicrobia)
MIC Synonyms	Verrucomicrobaeota
Body Site	Gut
Lineage	Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Verrucomicrobia
Oxygen Sensitivity	Aerobe
Microbial Metabolism	Saccharolytic; Respiratory
Gram	Negative
Description	Verrucomicrobia contains only a few described species. The species identified have been isolated from fresh water, marine and soil environments and human faeces.
External Links	Taxonomy ID	74201
	GOLD Organism ID	Go0544561
Disease Relevance
Inflammatory bowel disease  [ICD-11: DD72]
Description	A decrease in species belonging to Verrucomicrobia was common features in inflammatory bowel disease.				[1]
Post traumatic stress disorder  [ICD-11: 6B40]
Description	Decreased total abundance of Actinobacteria, Lentisphaerae, and Verrucomicrobia was associated with PTSD status.				[2]

Host Genetic Factors (HGFs)
SHANK3
HGF ID	HGF2351	HGF Info	Class	Copy Number Variation: Gene Deletion (CNV-GDe)
Description	The deletion of SHANK3 has been significantly associated with the decreased amount of Verrucomicrobia (p-value<0.001).				[3]
rs516246
HGF ID	HGF1582	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Non coding transcript variant (SNP-NCTV)
Description	The rs516246 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Verrucomicrobia (p-value=0.01401).				[4]

Host Immune Factors (HIFs)
Interferon-10
HIF ID	HIFM0128	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Verrucomicrobia are associated with increased expression levels of the regulatory cytokines IL10.				[5]
Interferon-6
HIF ID	HIFM0151	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Verrucomicrobia can induce the IL-6 expression.				[5]
Immunoglobulin A
HIF ID	HIFM0272	HIF Info	Class	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Description	Verrucomicrobia is highly enriched in the IgA+ fraction.				[6]

Environmental Factor(s)
Disbiome ID			511
gutMDisorder ID			gm0681

References
1	Gut microbiome in chronic rheumatic and inflammatory bowel diseases: Similarities and differences. United European Gastroenterol J. 2019 Oct;7(8):1008-1032. doi: 10.1177/2050640619867555. Epub 2019 Aug 1.
2	The Microbiome in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma-Exposed Controls: An Exploratory Study. Psychosom Med. 2017 Oct;79(8):936-946. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000512.
3	Altered Intestinal Morphology and Microbiota Composition in the Autism Spectrum Disorders Associated SHANK3 Mouse Model.Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Apr 30;20(9):2134. doi: 10.3390/ijms20092134.
4	FUT2 genotype and secretory status are not associated with fecal microbial composition and inferred function in healthy subjects.Gut Microbes. 2018 Jul 4;9(4):357-368. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1445956. Epub 2018 Apr 27.
5	Expression of immune regulatory genes correlate with the abundance of specific Clostridiales and Verrucomicrobia species in the equine ileum and cecum. Sci Rep. 2019 Sep 3;9(1):12674. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49081-5.
6	IgA Responses to Microbiota.Immunity. 2018 Aug 21;49(2):211-224. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.08.011.

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