General Information of MIC (ID: MIC00735)
MIC Name	Lactobacillus salivarius (firmicutes)
Body Site	Gut
Lineage	Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Lactobacillaceae Genus: Lactobacillus Species: Lactobacillus salivarius
Oxygen Sensitivity	Facultative anaerobe
Microbial Metabolism	Saccharolytic; Respiratory or Fermentative
Gram	Positive
Host Relationship	Probiotic
Genome Size (bp)	2320461
No. of Coding Genes	2152
No. of Non-Coding Genes	96
No. of Small Non-Coding Genes	96
No. of Gene Transcripts	2250
No. of Pseudogenes	2
No. of Base Pairs	2320461
Description	Lactobacillus salivarius is a facultative anaerobic, Gram positive bacteria. It is commonly isolated from human, porcine, and avian gastrointestinal tracts. It has proved to be an effective probiotic with at least temporary influence on gut microbiota.
External Links	Taxonomy ID	1624
	Genome Assembly ID	ASM75836v1
	GOLD Organism ID	Go0004608
Disease Relevance
Autoimmune liver disease  [ICD-11: DB96]
Description	Lactobacillus salivarius is upregulated in disease expression of primary sclerosing cholangitis.				[1]
Behcet disease  [ICD-11: 4A62]
Description	The abundance of Lactobacillus salivarius increased significantly in patients with Behcet's disease.				[2]
Inflammatory bowel disease  [ICD-11: DD72]
Description	Lactobacillus salivarius is upregulated in inflammatory bowel disease.				[1]
Rheumatoid arthritis  [ICD-11: FA20]
Description	Lactobacillus salivarius is upregulated in rheumatoid arthritis.				[3]
Ulcerative colitis  [ICD-11: DD71]
Description	Lactobacillus salivarius was associated with ulcerative colitis.				[1]
Vaginitis  [ICD-11: GA02]
Description	Lactobacillus salivarius was associated with bacterial vaginosis.				[4]

Host Immune Factors (HIFs)
Interferon-10
HIF ID	HIFM0128	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Lactobacillus salivarius diminished proinflammatory activity by enhancing the production of IL10.				[5]
Interleukin-1 beta
HIF ID	HIFM0138	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Lactobacillus salivarius AR809 diminished proinflammatory activity by inhibiting the expression of IL-1B.				[5]
Tumor necrosis factor
HIF ID	HIFM0226	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Lactobacillus salivarius AR809 diminished proinflammatory activity by enhancing the production of IL10 and inhibiting the expression of tumor necrosis factor-Alpha, IL1B, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and RELA.				[5]
Neutrophils
HIF ID	HIFC0029	HIF Info	Class	Granulocytes (Gra)
Description	Lactobacillus salivarius at neutrophil recovery was positively correlated with subsequent acute severe graft-versus-host disease.				[6]
Monocyte differentiation antigen CD14
HIF ID	HIFM0037	HIF Info	Class	T-cell receptor (TCR)
Description	Probiotics(Lactobacillus salivarius) can inhibit the binding of lipopolysaccharides to the CD14 receptor.				[7]

Environmental Factor(s)
Disbiome ID			335
gutMDisorder ID			gm0409

References
1	Distinct gut microbiota profiles in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jul 7;23(25):4548-4558. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i25.4548.
2	Relative abundance of Megamonas hypermegale and Butyrivibrio species decreased in the intestine and its possible association with the T cell aberration by metabolite alteration in patients with Behcet's disease (210 characters). Clin Rheumatol. 2019 May;38(5):1437-1445. doi: 10.1007/s10067-018-04419-8. Epub 2019 Jan 9.
3	Intestinal Lactobacillus in health and disease, a driver or just along for the ride. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2018 Feb;49:140-147. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.08.004. Epub 2017 Sep 1.
4	Characterization of culturable vaginal Lactobacillus species among women with and without bacterial vaginosis from the United States and India: a cross-sectional study. J Med Microbiol. 2014 Jul;63(Pt 7):931-935. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.073080-0. Epub 2014 May 16.
5	Adhesion to pharyngeal epithelium and modulation of immune response: Lactobacillus salivarius AR809, a potential probiotic strain isolated from the human oral cavity. J Dairy Sci. 2019 Aug;102(8):6738-6749. doi: 10.3168/jds.2018-16117. Epub 2019 Jun 6.
6	Stool Microbiota at Neutrophil Recovery Is Predictive for Severe Acute Graft vs Host Disease After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):1984-1991. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix699.
7	Probiotics importance and their immunomodulatory properties. J Cell Physiol. 2019 Jun;234(6):8008-8018. doi: 10.1002/jcp.27559. Epub 2018 Oct 14.

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