Details of Microbe Species (MIC)

General Information of MIC (ID: MIC01851)
MIC Name Clostridia (firmicutes)
Body Site Gut
Lineage Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Firmicutes
Class: Clostridia
Oxygen Sensitivity Obligate anaerobe
Microbial Metabolism Fermentative
Gram Positive
Description The Clostridia is a highly polyphyletic class of Firmicutes, including Clostridium and other similar genera. It is distinguished from the Bacilli by lacking aerobic respiration. Species of the class Clostridia are often but not always Gram-positive and have the ability to form spores.
External Links Taxonomy ID
186801
GOLD Organism ID
Go0357121
Disease Relevance
          Anorexia nervosa  [ICD-11: 6B80]
             Description The presence of increased Clostridia bacteria results in the increased production of Clostridia metabolites, such as HPHPA5-7 and 5-cresol in individuals with Anorexia nervosa. [1]
          Autism spectrum disorder  [ICD-11: 6A02]
             Description The higher abundance of Clostridia species (spp) in autistic individuals suggests involvement in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder. [2]
          Crohn disease  [ICD-11: DD70]
             Description Certain species of Clostridia enriched in crohns disease patients. [3]
          Depression  [ICD-11: 6A70]
             Description The presence of increased Clostridia bacteria results in the increased production of Clostridia metabolites, such as HPHPA5-7 and 5-cresol in individuals with Depression. [1]
          Irritable bowel syndrome  [ICD-11: DD91]
             Description The feces of patients with irritable bowel syndrome had higher numbers of Clostridia compared with controls. [4]
          Parkinsonism  [ICD-11: 8A00]
             Description The presence of increased Clostridia bacteria results in the increased production of Clostridia metabolites, such as HPHPA5-7 and 5-cresol in individuals with Parkinsons disease. [1]
          Schizophrenia  [ICD-11: 6A20]
             Description The presence of increased Clostridia bacteria results in the increased production of Clostridia metabolites, such as HPHPA5-7 and 5-cresol in individuals with Schizophrenia. [1]
          Type 2 diabetes mellitus  [ICD-11: 5A11]
             Description Clostridia is downregulated in disease expression of type 2 diabetes. [5]
Host Genetic Factors (HGFs)
          AMY1A
             HGF ID HGF2311 HGF Info       Class Copy Number Variation: Gene Duplication (CNV-GDu)
             Description Oral microbiome Clostridia differs between high AMY1-CN and low AMY1-CN groups at the OTU level (p-value<0.05). [6]
          rs2814982
             HGF ID HGF2030 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
             Description The rs2814982 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Clostridia(p-value=2.35E-05 ). [7]
          rs10128711
             HGF ID HGF1318 HGF Info       Class Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
             Description The rs10128711 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Clostridia(p-value=5.18E-05 ). [7]
Host Immune Factors (HIFs)
          Polypeptide YY
             HIF ID HIFM0194 HIF Info       Class Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
             Description The short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced in anaerobe conditions by Clostridia, triggered polypeptide YY release by gut mucosal cells. [8]
          ICOS ligand
             HIF ID HIFM0125 HIF Info       Class Checkpoint molecule (CM)
             Description The strain-specific Clostridia colonization induced key anti-inflammatory molecules (IL-10 and ICOS) in Treg cells, leading to an attenuated phenotype in an allergic disease model. [9]
          Immunoglobulin A
             HIF ID HIFM0272 HIF Info       Class Immunoglobulin (Ig)
             Description IgAs could coat some Clostridial species. [10]
          T cells
             HIF ID HIFC0002 HIF Info       Class T cells (TCs)
             Description T-cells were required to prevent loss of Clostridia. [11]
          CD4+ T cells
             HIF ID HIFC0069 HIF Info       Class T cells (TCs)
             Description Cluster IV and XIVa Clostridia induced the Treg cell population through the production of SCFA, which induced Foxp3 expression in CD4 T cells. [12]
          Helios NRP1 RORt+FOXP3+CD4+ regulatory T cells
             HIF ID HIFC0191 HIF Info       Class T cells (TCs)
             Description Clostridia is related to the differentiation of HeliosNRP1RORt+FOXP3+CD4+ Treg cells in the colon. [13]
          RORt+Helios regulatory T cells
             HIF ID HIFC0201 HIF Info       Class T cells (TCs)
             Description Clostridia enhances the accumulation of Clostridia antigen-spe-cific RORt+Helios pTreg cells. [13]
Environmental Factor(s)
             gutMDisorder ID
      gm0181
References
1 Elevated Urinary Glyphosate and Clostridia Metabolites With Altered Dopamine Metabolism in Triplets With Autistic Spectrum Disorder or Suspected Seizure Disorder: A Case Study. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2017 Feb;16(1):50-57.
2 The Possible Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Apr 29;20(9):2115. doi: 10.3390/ijms20092115.
3 Influences of intestinal bacteria in human inflammatory bowel disease. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2010 Dec;24(4):977-93, ix. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2010.07.008.
4 Pathogenic factors involved in the development of irritable bowel syndrome: focus on a microbial role. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2010 Dec;24(4):961-75, ix. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2010.07.005.
5 The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view. Cell. 2012 Mar 16;148(6):1258-70. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.035.
6 Human Salivary Amylase Gene Copy Number Impacts Oral and Gut Microbiomes.Cell Host Microbe. 2019 Apr 10;25(4):553-564.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.03.001.
7 The Gut Microbiome Contributes to a Substantial Proportion of the Variation in Blood Lipids.Circ Res. 2015 Oct 9;117(9):817-24. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306807. Epub 2015 Sep 10.
8 Targeting patients' microbiota with probiotics and natural fibers in adults and children with constipation.Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018 Oct;22(20):7045-7057. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_201810_16177.
9 The gut microbiome in food allergy.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019 Mar;122(3):276-282. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.12.012. Epub 2018 Dec 20.
10 IgA Responses to Microbiota.Immunity. 2018 Aug 21;49(2):211-224. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.08.011.
11 T cell-mediated regulation of the microbiota protects against obesity.Science. 2019 Jul 26;365(6451):eaat9351. doi: 10.1126/science.aat9351.
12 Microbiota in T-cell homeostasis and inflammatory diseases.Exp Mol Med. 2017 May 26;49(5):e340. doi: 10.1038/emm.2017.36.
13 Development and maintenance of intestinal regulatory T cells.Nat Rev Immunol. 2016 May;16(5):295-309. doi: 10.1038/nri.2016.36. Epub 2016 Apr 18.

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