General Information of HIF (ID: HIFC0019)
HIF Name	M1 macrophages
HIF Synonym(s)	M1 macrophage, M1 macrophages
HIF Classification	Macrophages (Mac)
Description	M1 macrophages are responsible for phagocytosis and regulation of the pro-inflammatory response through antigen presentation as well as chemokine and cytokine production				[1]

Microbe Species (MIC) Regulated by This HIF
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (gamma-proteobacteria)			MIC00051
Description	Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans induced predominantly pro-inflammatory (M1 macrophages-like phenotypes) responses.				[2]
Bacteroides fragilis (CFB bacteria)			MIC00158
Description	Bacteroides fragilis was significantly decreased with methotrexate treatment(P < 0.01) and tended to decrease proportionately with increasing M1 macrophages density.				[3]
Bifidobacterium pseudolongum (actinobacteria)			MIC00220
Description	Cell free extract from Bifidobacterium pseudolongum had effects at mitigating M1-differentiation of macrophages.				[4]
Candida albicans (budding yeasts)			MIC00317
Description	The Candida albicans may kill or inactivate to inhibit the M1 macrophages formation and block macrophage antimicrobial activity.				[2]
Desulfovibrio vulgaris (delta-proteobacteria)			MIC00502
Description	The ratio of M1/M2 colonic macrophage was greatly increased by the Desulfovibrio vulgaris.				[5]
Fusobacterium nucleatum (fusobacteria)			MIC00617
Description	Fusobacteria nucleatum AI-2 enhanced M1 polarization of macrophages, possibly through TNFSF9/TRAF1/p-AKT/IL-1signaling.				[6]
Parabacteroides distasonis (CFB bacteria)			MIC00949
Description	Consistent with an overall anti-inflammatory status, the abundance of Parabacteroides increased when decreases in M1 macrophages..				[7]
Porphyromonas gingivalis (CFB bacteria)			MIC01000
Description	Porphyromonas gingivalis induced predominantly pro-inflammatory (M1 macrophages-like phenotypes) responses.				[2]

References
1	Macrophage and nerve interaction in endometriosis.J Neuroinflammation. 2017 Mar 14;14(1):53. doi: 10.1186/s12974-017-0828-3.
2	Oral Microbiota and Immune System Crosstalk: A Translational Research.Biology (Basel). 2020 Jun 16;9(6):131. doi: 10.3390/biology9060131.
3	Induction and Amelioration of Methotrexate-Induced Gastrointestinal Toxicity are Related to Immune Response and Gut Microbiota.EBioMedicine. 2018 Jul;33:122-133. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.06.029. Epub 2018 Jul 2.
4	The Pancreatic Cancer Microbiome Promotes Oncogenesis by Induction of Innate and Adaptive Immune Suppression.Cancer Discov. 2018 Apr;8(4):403-416. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-17-1134. Epub 2018 Mar 22.
5	Glabridin Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity Through Gut Microbiota Modulation and Colonic Macrophage Polarization in Mice.Front Pharmacol. 2019 Feb 15;10:107. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00107. eCollection 2019.
6	Autoinducer-2 of Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes macrophage M1 polarization via TNFSF9/IL-1 signaling.Int Immunopharmacol. 2019 Sep;74:105724. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105724. Epub 2019 Jul 1.
7	Chronic oral exposure to glycated whey proteins increases survival of aged male NOD mice with autoimmune prostatitis by regulating the gut microbiome and anti-inflammatory responses. Food Funct. 2020 Jan 29;11(1):153-162. doi: 10.1039/c9fo01740b.

If you find any error in data or bug in web service, please kindly report it to Dr. Tang and Dr. Mou.