General Information of MIC (ID: MIC00025)
MIC Name	Actinobacteria (actinobacteria)
MIC Synonyms	Actinomycetes; High GC gram-positive bacteria
Body Site	Blood
Lineage	Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria
Oxygen Sensitivity	Aerobe or Anaerobe
Microbial Metabolism	Saccharolytic; Fermentative
Gram	Positive
Host Relationship	Commensal
Description	Actinobacteria are typically Gram-positive and are considered to have a high G and C DNA base ratio.
External Links	Taxonomy ID	1760
Disease Relevance
Autism spectrum disorder  [ICD-11: 6A02]
Description	Actinobacteria is downregulated in disease expression of austim.				[1]
Behcet disease  [ICD-11: 4A62]
Description	The phylum Actinobacteria increased in relative abundance of gut microbiota in patients with Behcet's disease (BD).				[2]
Chronic kidney disease  [ICD-11: GB61]
Description	Acinobacterias was the most predominant taxa at the phylum level among different stages of CKD(Chronic kidney disease) patients.				[3]
Digestive system disease  [ICD-11: DE2Z]
Description	Actinobacteria was associated with gastrointestinal disease.				[4]
Inflammatory bowel disease  [ICD-11: DD72]
Description	Actinobacteria is upregulated in disease expression of inflammatory bowel disease.				[1]
Obesity  [ICD-11: 5B81]
Description	The faecal microbiome of obese subjects had significantly higher levels of Actinobacteria compared to lean individuals.				[5]
Post traumatic stress disorder  [ICD-11: 6B40]
Description	Decreased total abundance of Actinobacteria, Lentisphaerae, and Verrucomicrobia was associated with PTSD status.				[6]

Host Genetic Factors (HGFs)
SHANK3
HGF ID	HGF2351	HGF Info	Class	Copy Number Variation: Gene Deletion (CNV-GDe)
Description	The deletion of SHANK3 has been significantly associated with the decreased amount of Actinobacteria (p-value<0.001).				[7]
hsa-miR-200a-3p
HGF ID	HGF0213	HGF Info	Class	Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
Description	The level of miR-200a-3p expression was substantially correlated with Actinobacteria abundances (p-value<0.05).				[8]
rs9357092
HGF ID	HGF1224	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs9357092 SNP was significantly associated with the relative abundance of Actinobacteria (p-value=4.25E-08).				[9]
rs748841
HGF ID	HGF1688	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs748841 SNP is significantly associated with the abundance of Actinobacteria (p-value=1.98E-04).				[10]
rs7326364
HGF ID	HGF1311	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs7326364 SNP in mucosal immunity pathways influences the abundance of Actinobacteria in the upper airway (p-value=7.98E-05).				[11]
rs72832848
HGF ID	HGF2033	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Description	The rs72832848 SNP in mucosal immunity pathways influences the abundance of Actinobacteria in the upper airway (p-value=5.30E-06).				[11]
rs651821
HGF ID	HGF1924	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Prime UTR variant (SNP-PV)
Description	The reduced abundances of Actinobacteria was significantly linked to the minor allele at the APOA5 SNP(rs651821).				[12]
rs4814474
HGF ID	HGF1693	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs4814474 SNP in mucosal immunity pathways influences the abundance of Actinobacteria in the upper airway (p-value=4.34E-03).				[11]
rs4774283
HGF ID	HGF2192	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Description	The rs4774283 SNP in mucosal immunity pathways influences the abundance of Actinobacteria in the upper airway (p-value=9.88E-05).				[11]
rs34613612
HGF ID	HGF2100	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Description	The rs34613612 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Actinobacteria (p-value=6.34E-10).				[13]
rs3006458
HGF ID	HGF1423	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Missense variant (SNP-MV)
Description	The rs3006458 SNP in mucosal immunity pathways influences the abundance of Actinobacteria in the upper airway (p-value=7.23E-03).				[11]
rs2290159
HGF ID	HGF1390	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs2290159 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Actinobacteria(p-value=2.35E-05).				[14]
rs2093145
HGF ID	HGF2105	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Description	The rs2093145 SNP in mucosal immunity pathways influences the abundance of Actinobacteria in the upper airway (p-value=1.53E-02).				[11]
rs1446585
HGF ID	HGF1397	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Missense variant (SNP-MV)
Description	The rs1446585 SNP is significantly associated with the abundance of gut microbiota Actinobacteria (p-value<5.00E-05).				[15]
rs1367534
HGF ID	HGF1823	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs1367534 SNP is significantly associated with the abundance of gut microbiota Actinobacteria (p-value<5.00E-05).				[15]
rs13128830
HGF ID	HGF1700	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs13128830 SNP in mucosal immunity pathways influences the abundance of Actinobacteria in the upper airway (p-value=2.24E-04).				[11]
rs12244238
HGF ID	HGF1725	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs12244238 SNP in mucosal immunity pathways influences the abundance of Actinobacteria in the upper airway (p-value=5.54E-05).				[11]
rs12156316
HGF ID	HGF1931	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs12156316 SNP in mucosal immunity pathways influences the abundance of Actinobacteria in the upper airway (p-value=6.16E-05).				[11]
rs11585194
HGF ID	HGF1436	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs11585194 SNP in mucosal immunity pathways influences the abundance of Actinobacteria in the upper airway (p-value=6.40E-05).				[11]
rs113045860
HGF ID	HGF2048	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Description	The rs113045860 SNP was significantly associated with the relative abundance of Actinobacteria (p-value=2.29E-10).				[9]
rs111354832
HGF ID	HGF2059	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Description	The rs111354832 SNP in mucosal immunity pathways influences the abundance of Actinobacteria in the upper airway (p-value=5.99E-08).				[11]
rs11085969
HGF ID	HGF1837	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs11085969 SNP in mucosal immunity pathways influences the abundance of Actinobacteria in the upper airway (p-value=3.74E-06).				[11]
rs10901086
HGF ID	HGF1969	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Description	The rs10901086 SNP in mucosal immunity pathways influences the abundance of Actinobacteria in the upper airway (p-value=6.89E-07).				[11]

Host Immune Factors (HIFs)
Interferon-12 subunit alpha
HIF ID	HIFM0130	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Actinobacteria is associated with IL-12 expression.				[16]
Tumor necrosis factor
HIF ID	HIFM0226	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	At the phylum level, Actinobacteria is associated with TNF-Alpha.				[16]
IL-23 subunit p40
HIF ID	HIFM0265	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	At the phylum level, Actinobacteria is associated with IL-23p40.				[16]
Neutrophils
HIF ID	HIFC0029	HIF Info	Class	Granulocytes (Gra)
Description	Actinobacteria was positively correlated with subsequent GVHD(Graft-versus-host disease) neutrophil recovery post-HCTpost-hematopoietic cell transplantation).				[17]
Immunoglobulin E
HIF ID	HIFM0271	HIF Info	Class	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Description	IgE immune responses was associated with Actinobacteria.				[18]
CD4+ regulatory T cells
HIF ID	HIFC0034	HIF Info	Class	T cells (TCs)
Description	The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was strong positively associated with CD4+ Tregulatory cells.				[19]

Environmental Factor(s)
Disbiome ID			222
gutMDisorder ID			gm0016

References
1	The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view. Cell. 2012 Mar 16;148(6):1258-70. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.035.
2	Relative abundance of Megamonas hypermegale and Butyrivibrio species decreased in the intestine and its possible association with the T cell aberration by metabolite alteration in patients with Behcet's disease (210 characters). Clin Rheumatol. 2019 May;38(5):1437-1445. doi: 10.1007/s10067-018-04419-8. Epub 2019 Jan 9.
3	Gut Microbiota as Diagnostic Tools for Mirroring Disease Progression and Circulating Nephrotoxin Levels in Chronic Kidney Disease: Discovery and Validation Study. Int J Biol Sci. 2020 Jan 1;16(3):420-434. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.37421. eCollection 2020.
4	Actinobacteria: A relevant minority for the maintenance of gut homeostasis. Dig Liver Dis. 2018 May;50(5):421-428. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2018.02.012. Epub 2018 Mar 5.
5	Composition and energy harvesting capacity of the gut microbiota: relationship to diet, obesity and time in mouse models. Gut. 2010 Dec;59(12):1635-42. doi: 10.1136/gut.2010.215665. Epub 2010 Oct 6.
6	The Microbiome in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma-Exposed Controls: An Exploratory Study. Psychosom Med. 2017 Oct;79(8):936-946. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000512.
7	Altered Intestinal Morphology and Microbiota Composition in the Autism Spectrum Disorders Associated SHANK3 Mouse Model.Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Apr 30;20(9):2134. doi: 10.3390/ijms20092134.
8	Vascular microRNA-204 is remotely governed by the microbiome and impairs endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation by downregulating Sirtuin1. Vikram A, Kim YR, Kumar S, Li Q, Kassan M, Jacobs JS, Irani K.. Nat Commun. 2016 Sep 2;7:12565. doi: 10.1038/ncomms12565.
9	Association of host genome with intestinal microbial composition in a large healthy cohort.Nat Genet. 2016 Nov;48(11):1413-1417. doi: 10.1038/ng.3693. Epub 2016 Oct 3.
10	Whole exome sequencing analyses reveal gene-microbiota interactions in the context of IBD.Gut. 2020 Jul 10:gutjnl-2019-319706. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319706. Online ahead of print.
11	Host genetic variation in mucosal immunity pathways influences the upper airway microbiome.Microbiome. 2017 Feb 1;5(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s40168-016-0227-5.
12	The effect of heritability and host genetics on the gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome.Gut. 2017 Jun;66(6):1031-1038. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-311326. Epub 2016 Apr 6.
13	Genome-wide association analysis identifies variation in vitamin D receptor and other host factors influencing the gut microbiota.Nat Genet. 2016 Nov;48(11):1396-1406. doi: 10.1038/ng.3695. Epub 2016 Oct 10.
14	The Gut Microbiome Contributes to a Substantial Proportion of the Variation in Blood Lipids.Circ Res. 2015 Oct 9;117(9):817-24. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306807. Epub 2015 Sep 10.
15	Assessing the Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Bone Mineral Density.Front Genet. 2020 Jan 31;11:6. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00006. eCollection 2020.
16	Isolation, Diversity, and Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Activities of Endophytic Actinobacteria From Tea Cultivars Zijuan and Yunkang-10 (Camellia sinensis var. assamica). Front Microbiol. 2018 Jun 18;9:1304. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01304. eCollection 2018.
17	Stool Microbiota at Neutrophil Recovery Is Predictive for Severe Acute Graft vs Host Disease After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):1984-1991. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix699.
18	Microbiota and Derived Parameters in Fecal Samples of Infants with Non-IgE Cow's Milk Protein Allergy under a Restricted Diet.Nutrients. 2018 Oct 11;10(10):1481. doi: 10.3390/nu10101481.
19	Associations between the gut microbiota and host immune markers in pediatric multiple sclerosis and controls.BMC Neurol. 2016 Sep 21;16(1):182. doi: 10.1186/s12883-016-0703-3.

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