General Information of MIC (ID: MIC00663)
MIC Name	Helicobacter bilis (epsilon-proteobacteria)
Body Site	Mucosa
Lineage	Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobacteria Class: Epsilonproteobacteria Order: Campylobacterales Family: Helicobacteraceae Genus: Helicobacter Species: Helicobacter bilis
Oxygen Sensitivity	Microaerophile
Microbial Metabolism	Strictly respiratory; Asaccharolytic
Gram	Negative
Host Relationship	Opportunistic pathogen
Genome Size (bp)	2405707
No. of Coding Genes	2143
No. of Non-Coding Genes	39
No. of Small Non-Coding Genes	39
No. of Gene Transcripts	2182
No. of Base Pairs	2405707
Description	Helicobacter bilis is a microaerophilic, weakly Gram negative, motile, spiral and flagellated enterohepatic bacterium that may colonize in human, dog, cat, and rodent intestine. It is associated with multifocal chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular tumors.
External Links	Taxonomy ID	37372
	Genome Assembly ID	ASM76584v1
	GOLD Organism ID	Go0003608
Disease Relevance
Chronic hepatitis  [ICD-11: DB97]
Description	Helicobacter bilis, an enterohepatic helicobacter, is associated with chronic hepatitis in aged immunocompetent inbred mice and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in immunodeficient mice.				[1]
Colorectal cancer  [ICD-11: 2B91]
Description	Helicobacter bilis was associated with colorectal cancer.				[2]
Inflammatory bowel disease  [ICD-11: DD72]
Description	Inflammatory bowel disease was associated with Helicobacter bilis infection.				[3]
Liver cancer  [ICD-11: 2C12]
Description	Studies are required to ascertain whether Helicobacter bilis is responsible for causing chronic hepatitis and/or hepatocellular tumors in mice.				[4]

Host Genetic Factors (HGFs)
TLR2
HGF ID	HGF2319	HGF Info	Class	Copy Number Variation: Gene Deletion (CNV-GDe)
Description	The deletion of TLR2 is associated with a decreased abundance of Helicobacter.				[5]
ARNTL
HGF ID	HGF2325	HGF Info	Class	Copy Number Variation: Gene Deletion (CNV-GDe)
Description	The deletion of BMAL1 could decrease relative abundances of Helicobacter (p-value<0.0001).				[6]
FTO
HGF ID	HGF2329	HGF Info	Class	Copy Number Variation: Gene Deletion (CNV-GDe)
Description	The deletion of FTO could decrease relative abundances of Helicobacter.				[7]
hsa-miR-146a-5p
HGF ID	HGF0252	HGF Info	Class	Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
Description	The level of miR-146a expression was increased in gastric epithelial cells of Helicobacter pylori infection.				[8]

Host Immune Factors (HIFs)
HD-5(7-32)
HIF ID	HIFM0290	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	HD-5732 could specifically diminish Helicobacter abundance.				[9]
B cells
HIF ID	HIFC0001	HIF Info	Class	B cells (BCs)
Description	Helicobacter bilis caused antigen-specific B-cell responses.				[10]
Interferon-10
HIF ID	HIFM0128	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Helicobacter bilis may secrete higher amounts of IL-10 expression.				[10]
Interferon-4
HIF ID	HIFM0149	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Helicobacter bilis colonized mice produced lower levels of interleukin (IL)-4 than did lymphocytes Brachyspira hyodysenteriae.				[10]
Immunoglobulin G2
HIF ID	HIFM0268	HIF Info	Class	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Description	Helicobacter bilis infection could increase antigen-specific IgG2a responses to the resident microflora.				[10]
Immunoglobulin G1
HIF ID	HIFM0269	HIF Info	Class	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Description	Helicobacter bilis infection could increase antigen-specific IgG1 responses to the resident microflora.				[10]
Muscularis macrophages
HIF ID	HIFC0171	HIF Info	Class	Macrophages (Mac)
Description	Prolonged Helicobacter hepaticus infection has been shown to dramatically affect Muscularis macrophages(MM) activation.				[11]
T cells
HIF ID	HIFC0002	HIF Info	Class	T cells (TCs)
Description	Helicobacter bilis caused antigen-specific T-cell responses.				[10]

Environmental Factor(s)
Disbiome ID			98
gutMDisorder ID			gm0364

References
1	Systemic macrophage depletion inhibits Helicobacter bilis-induced proinflammatory cytokine-mediated typhlocolitis and impairs bacterial colonization dynamics in a BALB/c Rag2-/- mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. Infect Immun. 2012 Dec;80(12):4388-97. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00530-12. Epub 2012 Oct 1.
2	Helicobacter hepaticus infection in mice: models for understanding lower bowel inflammation and cancer. Mucosal Immunol. 2011 Jan;4(1):22-30. doi: 10.1038/mi.2010.61. Epub 2010 Oct 13.
3	Helicobacter bilis triggers persistent immune reactivity to antigens derived from the commensal bacteria in gnotobiotic C3H/HeN mice. Gut. 2007 Jul;56(7):934-40. doi: 10.1136/gut.2006.099242. Epub 2006 Dec 4.
4	Helicobacter bilis sp. nov., a novel Helicobacter species isolated from bile, livers, and intestines of aged, inbred mice. J Clin Microbiol. 1995 Feb;33(2):445-54. doi: 10.1128/JCM.33.2.445-454.1995.
5	Current understanding of the gut microbiota shaping mechanisms.J Biomed Sci. 2019 Aug 21;26(1):59. doi: 10.1186/s12929-019-0554-5.
6	Rhythmicity of the intestinal microbiota is regulated by gender and the host circadian clock.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Aug 18;112(33):10479-84. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1501305112. Epub 2015 Aug 3.
7	Fto Deficiency Reduces Anxiety- and Depression-Like Behaviors in Mice via Alterations in Gut Microbiota.Theranostics. 2019 Jan 24;9(3):721-733. doi: 10.7150/thno.31562. eCollection 2019.
8	miRNAs reshape immunity and inflammatory responses in bacterial infection. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2018 May 25;3:14. doi: 10.1038/s41392-018-0006-9. eCollection 2018.
9	Paneth cell -defensins HD-5 and HD-6 display differential degradation into active antimicrobial fragments.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Feb 26;116(9):3746-3751. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1817376116. Epub 2019 Feb 11.
10	Induction of differential immune reactivity to members of the flora of gnotobiotic mice following colonization with Helicobacter bilis or Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Microbes Infect. 2006 May;8(6):1602-10. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.01.019. Epub 2006 Apr 18.
11	Crosstalk between muscularis macrophages and enteric neurons regulates gastrointestinal motility.Cell. 2014 Jul 17;158(2):300-313. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.050.

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