General Information of HIF (ID: HIFC0001)
HIF Name	B cells
HIF Synonym(s)	B cell, B cells
HIF Classification	B cells (BCs)
Description	B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system by secreting antibodies.				[1]

Microbe Species (MIC) Regulated by This HIF
Bacteroides fragilis (CFB bacteria)			MIC00158
Description	Bacteroides fragilis polysaccharide A induces IL-10 secreting T cells that prevent viral encephalitis.				[2]
Borrelia turicatae (spirochaetes)			MIC00256
Description	A global decline in peripheral B-cell populations was observed at 14 days postinfection of Borrelia turicatae.				[3]
Citrobacter rodentium (enterobacteria)			MIC00366
Description	B cells expressed INOS appears to have a critical role in regulating intestinal inflammation and antibacterial defense to Citrobacter rodentium.				[4]
Clostridioides difficile (firmicutes)			MIC00396
Description	At the species level, relative abundances of Clostridium difficile which is associated with B cells response.				[5]
Enterobacter cloacae (enterobacteria)			MIC00533
Description	Enterobacter cloacae promoted attachment and infection of B cells.				[6]
Escherichia coli (enterobacteria)			MIC00516
Description	Escherichia coli induced B cells to generate CNS-reactive autoantibodies.				[7]
Helicobacter bilis (epsilon-proteobacteria)			MIC00663
Description	Helicobacter bilis caused antigen-specific B-cell responses.				[8]
Lachnospiraceae (firmicutes)			MIC00695
Description	The family Lachnospiraceae expressed protein "superantigens", which stimulated B cells expressing human VH3.				[9]
Lactobacillus gasseri (firmicutes)			MIC00716
Description	B cells could produce more IgA in response to Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 infection.				[10]
Lactobacillus helveticus (firmicutes)			MIC01410
Description	Lactobacillus helveticus SBT2171 could stimulate B cells resopnses.				[10]
Lactobacillus sp. (firmicutes)			MIC00701
Description	Lactobacillus species were insufficient to ameliorate DSS colitis once gut B cells were reduced below a certain threshold.				[11]
Listeria monocytogenes (firmicutes)			MIC00771
Description	Relative abundances of Listeria monocytogenes is associated with B cells response.				[12]
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (mycoplasmas)			MIC00872
Description	Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae promoted the class-switch recombination of B cells to produce IgA under the help of dendritic cells.				[13]
Mycoplasma mycoides (mycoplasmas)			MIC00873
Description	Mycoplasma mycoides stimulation induced the early lymphocyte transformation response which might be associated with B cells.				[14]
Neisseria sp. (beta-proteobacteria)			MIC00900
Description	Neisseria could interact with B cells.				[15]
Parabacteroides distasonis (CFB bacteria)			MIC00949
Description	Consistent with an overall anti-inflammatory status, the abundance of Parabacteroides increased when decreases in B cells..				[16]
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (firmicutes)			MIC00980
Description	Relative abundances of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius is associated with B cells response.				[17]
Prevotella sp. (CFB bacteria)			MIC01024
Description	Relative abundances of Prevotella is associated with B cells response.				[18]
Roseburia intestinalis (firmicutes)			MIC01118
Description	Pathogenic autoreactive B cells cross-react with mimotopes expressed by Roseburia intestinalis to trigger autoimmunity.				[19]
Ruminococcus gnavus (firmicutes)			MIC01137
Description	Ruminococcus gnavus expressed protein "superantigens", which stimulated B cells expressing human VH3.				[9]
Salmonella sp. (enterobacteria)			MIC01149
Description	B cells located in mucosal tissues defense against Salmonella.				[4]
Shigella dysenteriae (enterobacteria)			MIC01181
Description	Porin from Shigella dysenteriae was found to stimulate B cells.				[20]
Streptococcus sp. (firmicutes)			MIC01276
Description	Streptococcus induced B cells to generate CNS-reactive autoantibodies.				[7]
Vibrio cholerae (gamma-proteobacteria)			MIC01369
Description	Vibrio cholerae O antigen responses in patients recovering from cholera are characterized by high levels of cross-reactive recall responses of memory B cells from prior antigen exposure.				[21]
Vibrio vulnificus (gamma-proteobacteria)			MIC01378
Description	Vibrio vulnificus putative subunit vaccine candidates can be completed by the subtractive proteomics approach in the proteome that harbor B-cell derived T-cell epitopes.				[22]
Yersinia enterocolitica (enterobacteria)			MIC01398
Description	B cells hyperplasia had increased susceptibility to oral challenge with Yersinia enterocolitica.				[23]
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (enterobacteria)			MIC01402
Description	The increased activation of CD4+ T cell may induce a progressive serum antibody to response to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, which provided help to B cells.				[24]

References
1	[Evolution and phylogeny of B lymphocytes]. Rev Alerg Mex. 2016 Apr-Jun;63(2):190-200. doi: 10.29262/ram.v63i2.150.
2	Bacteroides fragilis polysaccharide A induces IL-10 secreting B and T cells that prevent viral encephalitis.Nat Commun. 2019 May 14;10(1):2153. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09884-6.
3	Immunological Responses to the Relapsing Fever Spirochete Borrelia turicatae in Infected Rhesus Macaques: Implications for Pathogenesis and Diagnosis. Infect Immun. 2019 Mar 25;87(4):e00900-18. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00900-18. Print 2019 Apr.
4	Re-thinking the functions of IgA(+) plasma cells.Gut Microbes. 2014;5(5):652-62. doi: 10.4161/19490976.2014.969977.
5	Immune responses to Clostridium difficile infection.Trends Mol Med. 2012 Nov;18(11):658-66. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.09.005. Epub 2012 Oct 16.
6	Microbiota and host immune responses: a love-hate relationship. Immunology. 2016 Jan;147(1):1-10. doi: 10.1111/imm.12538. Epub 2015 Nov 2.
7	Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease. Nat Neurosci. 2017 Feb;20(2):145-155. doi: 10.1038/nn.4476. Epub 2017 Jan 16.
8	Induction of differential immune reactivity to members of the flora of gnotobiotic mice following colonization with Helicobacter bilis or Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Microbes Infect. 2006 May;8(6):1602-10. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.01.019. Epub 2006 Apr 18.
9	B cell superantigens in the human intestinal microbiota.Sci Transl Med. 2019 Aug 28;11(507):eaau9356. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau9356.
10	Cutting Edge: Probiotics and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Immunomodulation.J Immunol Res. 2019 Apr 16;2019:1603758. doi: 10.1155/2019/1603758. eCollection 2019.
11	Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonist-Induced Dermatitis Causes Severe Dextran Sulfate Sodium Colitis by Altering the Gut Microbiome and Immune Cells.Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Sep 25;7(1):135-156. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.09.010. eCollection 2019.
12	HDAC6 controls innate immune and autophagy responses to TLR-mediated signalling by the intracellular bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. PLoS Pathog. 2017 Dec 27;13(12):e1006799. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006799. eCollection 2017 Dec.
13	Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 Mediate the IgA Immune Response Induced by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Infect Immun. 2019 Dec 17;88(1):e00697-19. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00697-19. Print 2019 Dec 17.
14	Cell-mediated immune response in cattle to Mycoplasma mycoides var. mycoides.Infect Immun. 1973 Sep;8(3):349-54. doi: 10.1128/IAI.8.3.349-354.1973.
15	The biology of Neisseria adhesins. Biology (Basel). 2013 Jul 29;2(3):1054-109. doi: 10.3390/biology2031054.
16	Chronic oral exposure to glycated whey proteins increases survival of aged male NOD mice with autoimmune prostatitis by regulating the gut microbiome and anti-inflammatory responses. Food Funct. 2020 Jan 29;11(1):153-162. doi: 10.1039/c9fo01740b.
17	Peptostreptococcus anaerobius promotes colorectal carcinogenesis and modulates tumour immunity. Nat Microbiol. 2019 Dec;4(12):2319-2330. doi: 10.1038/s41564-019-0541-3. Epub 2019 Sep 9.
18	Microbiota-Propelled T Helper 17 Cells in Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2020 Mar 4;84(2):e00064-19. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00064-19. Print 2020 May 20.
19	Pathogenic Autoreactive T and B Cells Cross-React with Mimotopes Expressed by a Common Human Gut Commensal to Trigger Autoimmunity.Cell Host Microbe. 2019 Jul 10;26(1):100-113.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.05.003. Epub 2019 Jun 18.
20	B-1 cells as a source of IgA.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015 Dec;1362:122-31. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12801. Epub 2015 Jun 9.
21	Vibrio cholerae at the Intersection of Immunity and the Microbiome. mSphere. 2019 Nov 27;4(6):e00597-19. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00597-19.
22	Immunoinformatics design of a novel multi-epitope peptide vaccine to combat multi-drug resistant infections caused by Vibrio vulnificus. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2020 Jan 15;142:105160. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105160. Epub 2019 Nov 18.
23	Modulation of immune development and function by intestinal microbiota.Trends Immunol. 2014 Nov;35(11):507-17. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2014.07.010. Epub 2014 Aug 27.
24	CCR2(+) Inflammatory Monocytes Are Recruited to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Pyogranulomas and Dictate Adaptive Responses at the Expense of Innate Immunity during Oral Infection. Infect Immun. 2018 Feb 20;86(3):e00782-17. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00782-17. Print 2018 Mar.

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