General Information of HIF (ID: HIFC0024)
HIF Name	Monocytes
HIF Synonym(s)	Monocyte, Monocytes
HIF Classification	Monocytes (Mono)
Description	Monocytes are a type of leukocyte, or white blood cell. They are the largest type of leukocyte and can differentiate into macrophages and myeloid lineage dendritic cells. As a part of the vertebrate innate immune system monocytes also influence the process of adaptive immunity. There are at least three subclasses of monocytes in human blood based on their phenotypic receptors.				[1]

Microbe Species (MIC) Regulated by This HIF
Aspergillus fumigatus (ascomycetes)			MIC00103
Description	Recruitment of monocytes is essential for effective control and clearance of Aspergillus fumigatus.				[2]
Blastomyces dermatitidis (ascomycetes)			MIC01994
Description	Recruitment of monocytes is essential for effective control and clearance of Blastomyces dermatitidis.				[2]
Butyricimonas (CFB bacteria)			MIC00294
Description	Decreases in Butyricimonas correlated with variations in interferon signalling and NF-kB signalling pathways in circulating monocytes.				[3]
Clostridioides difficile (firmicutes)			MIC00396
Description	Clostridium difficile can stimulate the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from monocytes.				[4]
Coxiella burnetii (gamma-proteobacteria)			MIC00467
Description	Monocytes are well-known targets of Coxiella burnetii.				[5]
Cryptococcus neoformans (basidiomycetes)			MIC00472
Description	Recruitment of monocytes is essential for effective control and clearance of Cryptococcus neoformans.				[2]
Cyanobacteria (cyanobacteria)			MIC00475
Description	Lipopolysaccharide isolated from complex water bloom dominated by Cyanobacteria revealed the priming of both major blood phagocyte population monocytes.				[6]
Ehrlichia chaffeensis (alpha-proteobacteria)			MIC00523
Description	Ehrlichia chaffeensis lipoproteins can activate microbicidal activities of monocytes through Toll-like receptor 2.				[7]
Leishmania major (kinetoplastids)			MIC01993
Description	Recruitment of monocytes is essential for effective control and clearance of Leishmania major.				[2]
Leptotrichia goodfellowii (fusobacteria)			MIC00762
Description	Leptotrichia was able to trigger the transcription level of IL-10 in epithelial cells which could prohibit excessive immune response by suppressing the antigen-presenting capacity of monocytes.				[8]
Listeria monocytogenes (firmicutes)			MIC00771
Description	Recruitment of monocytes is essential for effective control and clearance of Listeria monocytogenes.				[2]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (actinobacteria)			MIC00857
Description	Recruitment of monocytes is essential for effective control and clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.				[2]
Neisseria sp. (beta-proteobacteria)			MIC00900
Description	Neisseria could activate TLR2-CD14 in monocytes.				[9]
Plasmodium chabaudi (apicomplexans)			MIC01992
Description	Recruitment of monocytes is essential for effective control and clearance of Plasmodium chabaudi.				[2]
Spirochaetes (bacteria)			MIC01204
Description	Treponema lecithinolyticum among Spirochaetes induced the production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor-a, interferon-b and IL-1b by monocytes.				[10]

References
1	Monocyte Conversion During Inflammation and Injury.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017 Jan;37(1):35-42. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.308198. Epub 2016 Oct 20.
2	Monocyte recruitment during infection and inflammation.Nat Rev Immunol. 2011 Oct 10;11(11):762-74. doi: 10.1038/nri3070.
3	Alterations of the human gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis. Nat Commun. 2016 Jun 28;7:12015. doi: 10.1038/ncomms12015.
4	Immune responses to Clostridium difficile infection.Trends Mol Med. 2012 Nov;18(11):658-66. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.09.005. Epub 2012 Oct 16.
5	Immune response and Coxiella burnetii invasion. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;984:287-98. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4315-1_15.
6	Lipopolysaccharides from Microcystis Cyanobacteria-Dominated Water Bloom and from Laboratory Cultures Trigger Human Immune Innate Response. Toxins (Basel). 2019 Apr 11;11(4):218. doi: 10.3390/toxins11040218.
7	Proteomic analysis of and immune responses to Ehrlichia chaffeensis lipoproteins. Infect Immun. 2008 Aug;76(8):3405-14. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00056-08. Epub 2008 May 19.
8	Leptotrichia species in human infections II. J Oral Microbiol. 2017 Sep 15;9(1):1368848. doi: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1368848. eCollection 2017.
9	The biology of Neisseria adhesins. Biology (Basel). 2013 Jul 29;2(3):1054-109. doi: 10.3390/biology2031054.
10	New insights into the emerging role of oral spirochaetes in periodontal disease. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011 Apr;17(4):502-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03460.x.

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