General Information of MIC (ID: MIC00548)
MIC Name	Enterococcus faecalis (firmicutes)
MIC Synonyms	Streptococcus faecalis
Body Site	Gut
Lineage	Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Enterococcaceae Genus: Enterococcus Species: Enterococcus faecalis
Oxygen Sensitivity	Facultative anaerobe
Microbial Metabolism	Saccharolytic; Fermentative
Gram	Positive
Host Relationship	Commensal
Genome Size (bp)	2803429
No. of Coding Genes	2734
No. of Non-Coding Genes	86
No. of Small Non-Coding Genes	86
No. of Gene Transcripts	2820
No. of Base Pairs	3106425
Description	Enterococcus faecalis is a facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive, commensal bacterium inhabiting the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other mammals. Like other species in the genus Enterococcus, E. faecalis can cause life -threatening infections in humans, espeially in the nosocomial environment.
External Links	Taxonomy ID	1351
	Genome Assembly ID	ASM69626v1
	GOLD Organism ID	Go0494277
Disease Relevance
Colorectal cancer  [ICD-11: 2B91]
Description	Enterococcus faecalis was associated with colorectal cancer.				[1]
Infectious endocarditis  [ICD-11: BB40]
Description	Enterococcus faecalis was associated with infective endocarditis.				[2]

Host Genetic Factors (HGFs)
hsa-miR-17-92
HGF ID	HGF0655	HGF Info	Class	Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
Description	The level of miR-17-92 expression was down-regulated 1.8-fold by Enterococcus faecalis.				[3]
hsa-miR-106-363
HGF ID	HGF0632	HGF Info	Class	Non-coding RNA: Micro (ncRNA-miRNA)
Description	The level of miR-106-363 expression was significantly down-regulated by Enterococcus faecalis (p-value<0.05).				[3]

Host Immune Factors (HIFs)
Angiogenin-4
HIF ID	HIFM0005	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	The number of colony forming units (CFU) of log-phase Enterococcus faecalis(Gram-positive pathogens) declined by>99% after a 2 h exposure to 1 M of Ang4.				[4]
C-C motif chemokine 28
HIF ID	HIFM0030	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	CCL28 killed Enterococcus faecalis, which belong to Class Bacilli, with a half-maximum killing concentration of 4.06 0.2 mM.				[5]
Regenerating islet-derived protein 3-gamma
HIF ID	HIFM0198	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	RegIII gamma promoted protection against vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis(enzymatic activity).				[6]
Human resistin
HIF ID	HIFM0199	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Enterococcus faecalis was resistant to hRETN.				[7]
HE2alpha
HIF ID	HIFM0291	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Enterococcus faecalis strains are susceptible to the HE2alpha peptide.				[8]
Human drosomycin-like defensin
HIF ID	HIFM0298	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Neither Human drosomycin-like defensin nor drosomycin was active against bacteria Enterococcus faecalis.				[9]
Mesenteric lymph nodes B cells
HIF ID	HIFC0157	HIF Info	Class	B cells (BCs)
Description	Mesenteric lymph nodes B cells produced less IL-12p40 when treated with lysates of Enterococcus faecalis.				[10]
C-C motif chemokine 11
HIF ID	HIFM0017	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Enterococcus faecalis is associated with the CCL11 activation.				[11]
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
HIF ID	HIFM0067	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Enterococcus faecalis is associated with the expression csf3.				[11]
Interferon-10
HIF ID	HIFM0128	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	The IL-10 levels were significantly lower in Enterococcus faecalis wound infection.				[11]
Interleukin-1 beta
HIF ID	HIFM0138	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Levels of IL-1B significantly increased in wounds infected with Enterococcus faecalis.				[11]
Interferon-2
HIF ID	HIFM0141	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	IL-2 level was significantly lower when Enterococcus faecalis wound titers resolved to 105 CFU.				[11]
Interferon-5
HIF ID	HIFM0150	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	IL-5 level was significantly lower when Enterococcus faecalis wound titers resolved to 105 CFU.				[11]
Interferon gamma
HIF ID	HIFM0260	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Enterococcus faecalis is associated with IFN-Gamma.				[11]
IL-12 subunit p70
HIF ID	HIFM0264	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Enterococcus faecalis is associated with IL-12p70.				[11]
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
HIF ID	HIFC0017	HIF Info	Class	Granulocytes (Gra)
Description	Enterococcus faecalis produced sex pheromones and plasmid-encoded pheromone inhibitors which were chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leucocytes in vitro.				[12]
Immunoglobulin G
HIF ID	HIFM0270	HIF Info	Class	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Description	Systemic IgG could bound to Enterococcus faecalis.				[13]
CD14+ monocytes
HIF ID	HIFC0205	HIF Info	Class	Monocytes (Mono)
Description	CD14+ monocytes response were associated with the abundance of Enterococcus faecalis.				[14]
Nuclear receptor ROR-alpha
HIF ID	HIFM0203	HIF Info	Class	Retinoic acid receptor (RAR)
Description	The antibacterial resistance of burned mice to Enterococcus faecalis oral infection was completely improved after treatment with SR3335, a specific inverse agonist of RORA.				[15]

Environmental Factor(s)
Disbiome ID			225
gutMDisorder ID			gm0288
aBiofilm Organism			Enterococcus faecalis

References
1	The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer Causation. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Oct 24;20(21):5295. doi: 10.3390/ijms20215295.
2	Enterococcal endocarditis revisited. Future Microbiol. 2015;10(7):1215-40. doi: 10.2217/fmb.15.46. Epub 2015 Jun 29.
3	Enterococcus faecalis Infection and Reactive Oxygen Species Down-Regulates the miR-17-92 Cluster in Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cell Culture. Genes (Basel). 2014 Aug 28;5(3):726-38. doi: 10.3390/genes5030726.
4	Identification, tissue characterization, and innate immune role of Angiogenin-4 expression in young broiler chickens.Poult Sci. 2020 Jun;99(6):2992-3000. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.022. Epub 2020 Apr 15.
5	CCL28-Deficient Mice Have Reduced IgA Antibody-Secreting Cells and an Altered Microbiota in the Colon.J Immunol. 2018 Jan 15;200(2):800-809. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700037. Epub 2017 Dec 13.
6	Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation.Cell. 2014 Mar 27;157(1):121-41. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011.
7	Resistin-like molecule is a bactericidal protein that promotes spatial segregation of the microbiota and the colonic epithelium.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Oct 17;114(42):11027-11033. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1711395114. Epub 2017 Sep 25.
8	Cationic peptide of the male reproductive tract, HE2alpha, displays antimicrobial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 Nov;56(5):957-61. doi: 10.1093/jac/dki350. Epub 2005 Sep 29.
9	Drosomycin-like defensin, a human homologue of Drosophila melanogaster drosomycin with antifungal activity.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Apr;52(4):1407-12. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00155-07. Epub 2008 Jan 22.
10	Microbiota maintain colonic homeostasis by activating TLR2/MyD88/PI3K signaling in IL-10-producing regulatory B cells.J Clin Invest. 2019 Jun 18;129(9):3702-3716. doi: 10.1172/JCI93820.
11	Enterococcus faecalis Modulates Immune Activation and Slows Healing During Wound Infection. J Infect Dis. 2017 Dec 19;216(12):1644-1654. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix541.
12	The pathogenicity of enterococci.J Antimicrob Chemother. 1994 Jun;33(6):1083-9. doi: 10.1093/jac/33.6.1083.
13	The antibody/microbiota interface in health and disease.Mucosal Immunol. 2020 Jan;13(1):3-11. doi: 10.1038/s41385-019-0192-y. Epub 2019 Aug 14.
14	M2b Monocytes Provoke Bacterial Pneumonia and Gut Bacteria-Associated Sepsis in Alcoholics.J Immunol. 2015 Dec 1;195(11):5169-77. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501369. Epub 2015 Nov 2.
15	Lamina propria group 2 innate lymphoid cells impair the antibacterial defense of burned mice to enterococcal translocation.J Leukoc Biol. 2017 Dec;102(6):1451-1460. doi: 10.1189/jlb.4A0517-195R. Epub 2017 Sep 26.

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