General Information of MIC (ID: MIC00224)
MIC Name	Bifidobacterium sp. (actinobacteria)
Body Site	Gut
Lineage	Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Bifidobacteriales Family: Bifidobacteriaceae Genus: Bifidobacterium Species: Bifidobacterium sp.
Oxygen Sensitivity	Obligate anaerobe
Microbial Metabolism	Saccharolytic; Fermentative
Gram	Positive
Host Relationship	Probiotic
Description	Bifidobacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. They are ubiquitous inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, vagina and mouth of mammals, including humans. Bifidobacteria are one of the major genera of bacteria that make up the gastrointestinal tract microbiota in mammals. Some bifidobacteria are used as probiotics.
External Links	Taxonomy ID	41200
	GOLD Organism ID	Go0541814
Disease Relevance
Autism spectrum disorder  [ICD-11: 6A02]
Description	Bifidobacterium was reduced in children with autism spectrum disorder.				[1]
Behcet disease  [ICD-11: 4A62]
Description	The genus Bifidobacterium increased in relative abundance of gut microbiota in patients with Behcet's disease (BD).				[2]
Bipolar depression  [ICD-11: 6A60]
Description	Bifidobacteria was associated with bipolar depression .				[3]
Coeliac disease  [ICD-11: DA95]
Description	Bacterial counts of Bifidobacterium spp. decreased when the genetic risk of coeliac disease was increased.				[4]
Crohn disease  [ICD-11: DD70]
Description	Children with active and inactive Crohns disease had lower numbers of Bifidobacteria.				[5]
Inflammatory bowel disease  [ICD-11: DD72]
Description	Bifidobacteria is downregulated in disease expression of inflammatory bowel disease.				[6]
Irritable bowel syndrome  [ICD-11: DD91]
Description	These strains of Bifidobacterium sp. were being used as probiotics for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract infections and antibiotic-associated diarrhea.				[7]
Obesity  [ICD-11: 5B81]
Description	Children who became overweight by age 7 had lower levels of Bifidobacteria as infants compared with those that kept a healthy weight.				[8]
Providencia alcalifaciens gastroenteritis  [ICD-11: 1A40]
Description	Bifidobacteriumis one of the main genera of com-mensal bacteria present in the human GIT(gastrointestinal tract) and its pres-ence has been related to health benefits in severalstudies.				[9]
Retinal artery occlusions  [ICD-11: 9B74]
Description	Bifidobacterium spp. was relatively enriched in patients with retinal artery occlusion.				[10]
Schizophrenia  [ICD-11: 6A20]
Description	Bifidobacterium was relatively more abundant in schizophrenia which had been shown to modulate chronic inflammation.				[11]

Host Genetic Factors (HGFs)
VIPR2
HGF ID	HGF2350	HGF Info	Class	Copy Number Variation: Gene Deletion (CNV-GDe)
Description	The deletion of VIPR2 has been associated with the increased abundance of Bifidobacterium sp.				[12]
MIR21
HGF ID	HGF2332	HGF Info	Class	Copy Number Variation: Gene Deletion (CNV-GDe)
Description	The deletion of MIR-21 was significantly increased the proportion of Bifidobacterium (p-value<0.05).				[13]
TLR9
HGF ID	HGF2343	HGF Info	Class	Copy Number Variation: Gene Deletion (CNV-GDe)
Description	The deletion of TLR9 decreased the amount of Bifidobacteria.				[14]
rs651821
HGF ID	HGF1924	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Prime UTR variant (SNP-PV)
Description	The APOA5 SNP rs651821 might be an important host genetic factor in determining the abundances of the health-promoting Bifidobacterium bacteria and the taxa to which this genus belongs.				[15]
rs9431487
HGF ID	HGF2283	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Description	The rs9431487 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium (p-value=5.71E-07).				[16]
rs892244
HGF ID	HGF2178	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Description	The rs892244 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium (p-value=1.23E-07).				[16]
rs8063330
HGF ID	HGF2179	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Description	The rs8063330 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium (p-value=2.28E-06).				[16]
rs8056064
HGF ID	HGF1867	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs8056064 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium (p-value=1.28E-05).				[16]
rs748841
HGF ID	HGF1688	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs748841 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium (p-value=1.84E-04).				[17]
rs6999452
HGF ID	HGF1237	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs6999452 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium (p-value=1.59E-05).				[16]
rs6683441
HGF ID	HGF2285	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Description	The rs6683441 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium (p-value=1.00E-06).				[16]
rs6541219
HGF ID	HGF2284	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Description	The rs6541219 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium (p-value=7.36E-07).				[16]
rs6469000
HGF ID	HGF1235	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs6469000 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium (p-value=3.06E-05).				[16]
rs4988235
HGF ID	HGF1523	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs4988235 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium (p-value<0.05).				[18]
rs4740829
HGF ID	HGF1694	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Non coding transcript variant (SNP-NCTV)
Description	The rs4740829 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium (p-value=2.88E-06).				[16]
rs4734860
HGF ID	HGF1236	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs4734860 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium (p-value=3.06E-05).				[16]
rs4479964
HGF ID	HGF1920	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs4479964 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium (p-value=2.66E-05).				[16]
rs3754689
HGF ID	HGF1686	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Missense variant (SNP-MV)
Description	The rs3754689 SNP was associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium (p-value=1.16E-05).				[19]
rs2304371
HGF ID	HGF1687	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Missense variant (SNP-MV)
Description	The rs2304371 SNP was associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium (p-value=4.14E-06).				[19]
rs1446585
HGF ID	HGF1397	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Missense variant (SNP-MV)
Description	The rs1446585 SNP was significantly associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium (p-value=3.89E-08).				[18]
rs1050115
HGF ID	HGF1248	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Synonymous variant (SNP-SV)
Description	The rs1050115 SNP was associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium (p-value=6.51E-06).				[19]
rs6740462
HGF ID	HGF2537	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs6740462 SNP is associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium.				[20]
rs2816958
HGF ID	HGF2538	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs2816958 SNP is associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium.				[20]
rs1363907
HGF ID	HGF2539	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs1363907 SNP is associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium.				[20]
rs2457996
HGF ID	HGF2540	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Description	The rs2457996 SNP is associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium.				[20]
rs12994997
HGF ID	HGF2541	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs12994997 SNP is associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium.				[20]
rs7404095
HGF ID	HGF2542	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs7404095 SNP is associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium.				[20]
rs10486483
HGF ID	HGF2543	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs10486483 SNP is associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium.				[20]
rs6708413
HGF ID	HGF2544	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-IV)
Description	The rs6708413 SNP is associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium.				[20]
rs4728142
HGF ID	HGF2545	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Description	The rs4728142 SNP is associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium.				[20]
rs2111485
HGF ID	HGF2546	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Description	The rs2111485 SNP is associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium.				[20]
rs1517352
HGF ID	HGF2547	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Description	The rs1517352 SNP is associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium.				[20]
rs2823286
HGF ID	HGF2548	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Intron variant (SNP-UV)
Description	The rs2823286 SNP is associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium.				[20]
rs6920220
HGF ID	HGF2532	HGF Info	Class	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Description	The rs6920220 SNP is associated with the abundance of Bifidobacterium.				[20]

Host Immune Factors (HIFs)
C-C motif chemokine 17
HIF ID	HIFM0019	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Bifidobacterium species strains decreased CCL17 secretion without affecting cell viability.				[21]
Polypeptide YY
HIF ID	HIFM0194	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	The short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced in anaerobe conditions by Bifidobacteria, triggered polypeptide YY release by gut mucosal cells.				[22]
Regenerating islet-derived protein 3-gamma
HIF ID	HIFM0198	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	The increasing probiotic Bifidobacteria can restore the properties of RegIII gamma.				[23]
CD20+ B cells
HIF ID	HIFC0137	HIF Info	Class	B cells (BCs)
Description	Bifidobacterium was negatively correlated with CD20+ B cell counts in the portal tract in patients with simple steatosis.				[24]
B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator
HIF ID	HIFM0009	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	The continuous high expression of BTLA on CD4+ T cells in bifidobacterium therapy group.				[25]
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 7
HIF ID	HIFM0044	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	The abundance of Bifidobacteria was associated with higher numbers of CD20(+) B cells that expressed the memory marker CD27 at 4 and 18 mo of age.				[26]
Antigenic surface determinant protein OA3
HIF ID	HIFM0052	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	Local delivery of Bifidobacterium potently stimulates STING signaling and increases cross-priming of dendritic cells after anti-CD47 treatment.				[27]
Programmed death-ligand 1
HIF ID	HIFM0189	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	Bifidobacterium have been associated with response to PD-L1 blockade in humans.				[28]
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9
HIF ID	HIFM0233	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	The abundance of Bifidobacteria is associated with 4-1BB.				[29]
C-C motif chemokine 11
HIF ID	HIFM0017	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Oral administration of Bifidobacterium blocked pro-inflammatory cytokines CCL11 expression in the gut.				[30]
Class IIhi dendritic cells
HIF ID	HIFC0162	HIF Info	Class	Dendritic cells (DCs)
Description	The levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class IIhi DCs increased in the tumors of Bifidobacterium-treated subjects.				[31]
Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells
HIF ID	HIFC0166	HIF Info	Class	Dendritic cells (DCs)
Description	Bifidobacteria is able to induce autophagy activation in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells.				[32]
Immunoglobulin A
HIF ID	HIFM0272	HIF Info	Class	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Description	Levels of IgA correlated with relative abundances of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to the Bifidobacteria.				[33]
Immunoglobulin A1
HIF ID	HIFM0275	HIF Info	Class	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Description	Bifidobacterium was coated by IgA1.				[34]
Immunoglobulin A2
HIF ID	HIFM0276	HIF Info	Class	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Description	Bifidobacterium was coated by IgA2.				[34]
Immunoglobulin M
HIF ID	HIFM0266	HIF Info	Class	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Description	IgM coated Bifidobacteria.				[33]
Kupffer macrophages
HIF ID	HIFC0169	HIF Info	Class	Macrophages (Mac)
Description	Bifidobacterium can cause significant Kupffer cells hyperplasia.				[35]
THP-1 monocytes
HIF ID	HIFC0214	HIF Info	Class	Monocytes (Mono)
Description	Human intestinal mucosa-associated Bifidobacterium strains with probiotic properties modulated gene expression in THP-1 cells.				[36]
CD14+ CD16+ monocytes
HIF ID	HIFC0209	HIF Info	Class	Monocytes (Mono)
Description	The increase in numbers of Bifidobacterium was negatively correlated with CCR2 and CX3CR1 expressions on CD14+CD16+ monocytes.				[37]
Helios IL10+FOXP3+CD4+ regulatory T cells
HIF ID	HIFC0189	HIF Info	Class	T cells (TCs)
Description	Bifidobacteria is related to the proliferation, enhanced suppressive capacity and homing of HeliosIL10+FOXP3+CD4+ Treg cells in the colon.				[38]

Environmental Factor(s)
Disbiome ID			43
gutMDisorder ID			gm0114

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30	Not Avaliable
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