General Information of HIF (ID: HIFM0266)
HIF Name	Immunoglobulin M
HIF Synonym(s)	IgM
HIF Classification	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Description	Immunoglobulin M(IgM) exists as two types: natural IgM and immune IgM. Natural antibodies, consisting mostly of the natural IgM, are the antibodies found in the sera of humans and mice without any exposure to antigens. In contrast to the natural IgM, immune IgM is the first antibody produced in response to antigenic stimulation. Both IgMs have an important role in pathogen defense, especially bacterial infection.				[1]

Microbe Species (MIC) Regulated by This HIF
Aeromonas salmonicida (gamma-proteobacteria)			MIC00048
Description	IgM takes part in the killing of the enzymatic activity of bacterial infectious agents, Aeromonas salmonicida.				[2]
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (gamma-proteobacteria)			MIC00051
Description	The activity of proteolytic enzymes from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans could effect enzymolysis of human immunoglobulin M(lgM).				[3]
Alcaligenes faecalis (beta-proteobacteria)			MIC00059
Description	Plasma IgM antibody has reactivity to Sutterella wadsworthensis antigens in autism and gastrointestinal dysfunction patients.				[4]
Bacillus firmus (firmicutes)			MIC00127
Description	Bacillus firmus can stimulate the formation of immunoglobulin M(IgM).				[5]
Bacillus lentus (firmicutes)			MIC00131
Description	Bacillus lentus can stimulate the formation of immunoglobulin M(IgM).				[5]
Bacteroides ovatus (CFB bacteria)			MIC00167
Description	Bacteroides ovatus D-6 in the absence of adjuvants could develope specific anti-TFAlpha IgM and IgG antibodies.				[6]
Bacteroides xylanisolvens (CFB bacteria)			MIC01407
Description	Bacteroides xylanisolvens could induce TFalpha-specific IgM immune response.				[7]
Bifidobacterium sp. (actinobacteria)			MIC00224
Description	IgM coated Bifidobacteria.				[8]
Blautia producta (firmicutes)			MIC00981
Description	The abundance of Peptostreptococcus productus is associated with IgM response.				[9]
Borrelia hermsii (spirochetes)			MIC01756
Description	IgM could provide a component of protective immunity in Borellia hermsii infection.				[10]
Borrelia recurrentis (spirochaetes)			MIC00255
Description	IgM could provide a component of protective immunity in Borrelia recurrentis infection.				[10]
Brugia pahangi (nematodes)			MIC01801
Description	IgM could provide a component of protective immunity in Brugia pahangi infection.				[10]
Campylobacter jejuni (epsilon-proteobacteria)			MIC00307
Description	IgM can significantly increase the killing of the enzymatic activity of Campylobacter jejuni.				[11]
Citrobacter koseri (enterobacteria)			MIC00365
Description	IgM responses to OSEs and NO-cysteinyl were significantly associated with IgA/IgM responses to Gram-negative bacteria, especially Morganella morganii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter koseri.				[12]
Clostridioides difficile (firmicutes)			MIC00396
Description	Serum IgG and IgM antibodies to SLPs have been observed in both Clostridium difficile patients and asymptomatic carriers.				[13]
Cryptococcus neoformans (basidiomycetes)			MIC00472
Description	IgM could provide a component of protective immunity in Cryptococcus neoformans infection.				[10]
Edwardsiella tarda (enterobacteria)			MIC00518
Description	Edwardsiella tarda is associated with IgM response.				[14]
Ehrlichia muris (alpha-proteobacteria)			MIC01813
Description	IgM could provide a component of protective immunity in Ehrlichia muris infection.				[10]
Enterococcus casseliflavus (firmicutes)			MIC00544
Description	The infection of Enterococcus casseliflavus could significantly increase the levels of serum IgM.				[15]
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (firmicutes)			MIC00559
Description	Increases were seen in the concentrations of BALF IgA (but not IgG) and serum IgM against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae antigens, respectively.				[16]
Escherichia coli (enterobacteria)			MIC00516
Description	IgM leads to protection against bacterial infection of Escherichia coli.				[1]
Eubacterium saphenum (firmicutes)			MIC00579
Description	Eubacterium saphenum could enhance the level of IgM.				[17]
Finegoldia magna (firmicutes)			MIC00596
Description	IgM has regulatory affinity which could bind to Peptococcus magnus strain.				[18]
Francisella sp. PQ1104 (gamma-proteobacteria)			MIC01972
Description	The contribution of IgM to the activation of the complement, the opsonisation of bacterial antigens, inter alia Francisella asiatica and Photobacterium damsela prior to the phagocytosis of these microorganisms by macrophages, have also been proven.				[2]
Francisella tularensis (gamma-proteobacteria)			MIC01758
Description	IgM could provide a component of protective immunity in Franciscella tularensis infection.				[10]
Glaesserella parasuis (gamma-proteobacteria)			MIC00654
Description	Haemophilus parasuis infection could active a humoral immune response, which is frequently associated with the development of a transient IgM response followed by a solid and progressively increasing IgG antibody response.				[19]
Haemophilus sp. (gamma-proteobacteria)			MIC01768
Description	Haemophilus sp. negatively correlate to IgM but positively correlated to hospital stay.				[20]
Histophilus somni (gamma-proteobacteria)			MIC00655
Description	The abundance of Histophilus somni is associated with IgM response.				[21]
Klebsiella pneumoniae (enterobacteria)			MIC01405
Description	IgM responses to OSEs and NO-cysteinyl were significantly associated with IgA/IgM responses to Gram-negative bacteria, especially Morganella morganii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter koseri.				[12]
Lactobacillus zeae (firmicutes)			MIC00738
Description	The infection of Lactobacillus zeae could increse the concentration of IgM.				[22]
Leuconostoc mesenteroides (firmicutes)			MIC00766
Description	The upregulation of IFN-gamma by LMM under the pro-Th2 conditions and the requirement of NF-kappaB, p38 and JNK for IL-12 production.These observations suggest that this microorganism can be a useful Th1-inducing agent in modulating the Th1.Th2 imbalance				[23]
Moraxella catarrhalis (gamma-proteobacteria)			MIC00837
Description	The abundance of Moraxella catarrhalis is associated with IgM response.				[24]
Morganella morganii (enterobacteria)			MIC00839
Description	IgM responses to OSEs and NO-cysteinyl were significantly associated with IgA/IgM responses to Gram-negative bacteria, especially Morganella morganii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter koseri.				[12]
Mycobacterium kansasii (actinobacteria)			MIC01785
Description	The infection of Mycobacterium kansasii could transiently increase IgM.				[25]
Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (mycoplasmas)			MIC00865
Description	Mycoplasma capricolum subsp.capripneumoniae was associated with IgM response.				[26]
Mycoplasmatales (mycoplasmas)			MIC00878
Description	IgM response appeared during Mycoplasmatales pulmonis infection.				[27]
Neisseria meningitidis (beta-proteobacteria)			MIC00891
Description	IgM response is associated with Neisseria meningitidis which can cause septic shock.				[28]
Nocardia brasiliensis (actinobacteria)			MIC01814
Description	IgM could provide immunity against the facultative intracellular bacterium, Nocardia brasiliensis.				[10]
Photobacterium damselae (gamma-proteobacteria)			MIC01973
Description	The contribution of IgM to the activation of the complement, the opsonisation of bacterial antigens, inter alia Francisella asiatica and Photobacterium damsela prior to the phagocytosis of these microorganisms by macrophages, have also been proven.				[2]
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi (apicomplexans)			MIC01806
Description	IgM could provide a component of protective immunity in Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi infection.				[10]
Plasmodium falciparum (apicomplexans)			MIC01970
Description	A-Gal-Specific IgM Abs are associated with protection from Plasmodium falciparum infection .				[29]
Porphyromonas gingivalis (CFB bacteria)			MIC01000
Description	The activity of proteolytic enzymes from Porphyromonas gingivalis could effect enzymolysis of human immunoglobulin M(lgM).				[3]
Prevotella oralis (CFB bacteria)			MIC00166
Description	The abundance of Prevotella oralis is associated with IgM response.				[30]
Prevotella sp. (CFB bacteria)			MIC01024
Description	Prevotella positively correlate with IgM in patients with Henoch-Schnlein Purpura.				[20]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gamma-proteobacteria)			MIC01054
Description	IgM leads to protection against bacterial infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.				[1]
Ruminococcus sp. (firmicutes)			MIC01140
Description	The abundance of Ruminococcaceae was associated with IgM response.				[31]
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (enterobacteria)			MIC01154
Description	Secretory IgM preparation has regulatory affinity which could bind and agglutinate Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium.				[11]
Shigella flexneri (enterobacteria)			MIC01182
Description	Secretory IgM could prevent Shigella flexneri-induced intestine epithelial cell damage in an in vitro cell model.				[11]
Shigella sonnei (enterobacteria)			MIC01183
Description	The abundance of Shigella sonnei is associated with IgM response.				[24]
Staphylococcus aureus (firmicutes)			MIC01208
Description	IgM antibody could enhance the phagocytic activity of RAW 264.7 cells against Staphylococcus aureus MW2 infection.				[1]
Streptococcus agalactiae (firmicutes)			MIC01238
Description	The abundance of Streptococcus agalactiae is associated with IgM response.				[24]
Streptococcus pneumoniae (firmicutes)			MIC01263
Description	IgM is effective during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.				[10]
Streptococcus suis (firmicutes)			MIC01270
Description	Streptococcus suis type 2 can disintegrate host immunoglobulins via IgM proteases.				[32]
Vibrio cholerae (gamma-proteobacteria)			MIC01369
Description	Vibrio choleraeis was associated with IgM response.				[33]

References
1	CpG-DNA induces bacteria-reactive IgM enhancing phagocytic activity against Staphylococcus aureus infection.BMB Rep. 2019 Nov;52(11):635-640. doi: 10.5483/BMBRep.2019.52.11.018.
2	Specific humoral immunity in Osteichthyes.Cent Eur J Immunol. 2018;43(3):335-340. doi: 10.5114/ceji.2018.80054. Epub 2018 Oct 30.
3	Immunoglobulin-degrading enzymes in localized juvenile periodontitis.J Periodontal Res. 1992 May;27(3):176-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1992.tb01666.x.
4	Application of novel PCR-based methods for detection, quantitation, and phylogenetic characterization of Sutterella species in intestinal biopsy samples from children with autism and gastrointestinal disturbances. mBio. 2012 Jan 10;3(1):e00261-11. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00261-11. Print 2012.
5	Effect of Bacillus firmus and other sporulating aerobic microorganisms on in vitro stimulation of human lymphocytes. A comparative study. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 1994;39(6):501-4. doi: 10.1007/BF02814071.
6	Specific humoral immune response to the Thomsen-Friedenreich tumor antigen (CD176) in mice after vaccination with the commensal bacterium Bacteroides ovatus D-6. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2013 May;62(5):875-87. doi: 10.1007/s00262-013-1394-x. Epub 2013 Feb 5.
7	Impact of oral consumption of heat-treated Bacteroides xylanisolvens DSM 23964 on the level of natural TF-specific antibodies in human adults. Benef Microbes. 2016 Sep;7(4):485-500. doi: 10.3920/BM2015.0143. Epub 2016 Apr 6.
8	Interactions between the Gut Microbiome and Mucosal Immunoglobulins A, M, and G in the Developing Infant Gut.mSystems. 2019 Nov 26;4(6):e00612-19. doi: 10.1128/mSystems.00612-19.
9	Serum agglutinins to Eubacterium and Peptostreptococcus species in Crohn's and other diseases. J Hyg (Lond). 1981 Aug;87(1):13-24. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400069199.
10	IgM in microbial infections: taken for granted. Immunol Lett. 2009 Aug 15;125(2):79-85. doi: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.06.003. Epub 2009 Jun 17.
11	Limited Innovations After More Than 65 Years of Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy: Potential of IgA- and IgM-Enriched Formulations to Prevent Bacterial Respiratory Tract Infections.Front Immunol. 2018 Aug 23;9:1925. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01925. eCollection 2018.
12	IgM-mediated autoimmune responses to oxidative specific epitopes, but not nitrosylated adducts, are significantly decreased in pregnancy: association with bacterial translocation, perinatal and lifetime major depression and the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway.Metab Brain Dis. 2017 Oct;32(5):1571-1583. doi: 10.1007/s11011-017-0040-2. Epub 2017 Jun 9.
13	Immune responses to Clostridium difficile infection.Trends Mol Med. 2012 Nov;18(11):658-66. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.09.005. Epub 2012 Oct 16.
14	The influence of concentration of inactivated Edwardsiella tarda bacterin and immersion time on antigen uptake and expression of immune-related genes in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Microb Pathog. 2017 Feb;103:19-28. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.12.011. Epub 2016 Dec 16.
15	Host-derived probiotics Enterococcus casseliflavus improves resistance against Streptococcus iniae infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) via immunomodulation. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2016 May;52:198-205. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.020. Epub 2016 Mar 17.
16	Immunostimulatory effects of recombinant Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae expressing porcine interleukin-18 in mice and pigs. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012 Sep;19(9):1393-8. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00342-12. Epub 2012 Jul 3.
17	Intraperitoneal immune cell responses to Eubacterium saphenum in mice. Microbiol Immunol. 2001;45(1):29-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2001.tb01271.x.
18	A non-immune interaction between the light chain of human immunoglobulin and a surface component of a Peptococcus magnus strain. Mol Immunol. 1985 Aug;22(8):879-85. doi: 10.1016/0161-5890(85)90073-2.
19	Haemophilus parasuis: infection, immunity and enrofloxacin. Vet Res. 2015 Oct 28;46:128. doi: 10.1186/s13567-015-0263-3.
20	Oral microbiota dysbiosis and its association with Henoch-Schnlein Purpura in children.Int Immunopharmacol. 2018 Dec;65:295-302. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.10.017. Epub 2018 Oct 17.
21	Experimental abortion and the systemic immune response to "Haemophilus somnus" in cattle. Infect Immun. 1986 Nov;54(2):555-60.
22	The Effect of Lactobacillus isolates on growth performance, immune response, intestinal bacterial community composition of growing Rex Rabbits. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2017 Oct;101(5):e1-e13. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12629. Epub 2017 Jan 8.
23	Induction of Th1 cytokines by Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides (KCTC 3100) under Th2-type conditions and the requirement of NF-kappaB and p38/JNK. Cytokine. 2009 May;46(2):283-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.02.005. Epub 2009 Mar 18.
24	IRAK-4 and MyD88 deficiencies impair IgM responses against T-independent bacterial antigens.Blood. 2014 Dec 4;124(24):3561-71. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-07-587824. Epub 2014 Oct 15.
25	Dynamics of Immune Responses during Experimental Mycobacterium kansasii Infection of Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).Mediators Inflamm. 2018 Jun 5;2018:8354902. doi: 10.1155/2018/8354902. eCollection 2018.
26	Humoral immune responses following experimental infection in goats withMycoplasma capricolumsubsp.capripneumoniae. Vet Microbiol. 2002;84:2945. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(01)00434-5.
27	Immune responses to mycoplasma infections of the respiratory tract. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1985 Oct;10(1):3-32. doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(85)90037-6.
28	A Position Paper on IgM-Enriched Intravenous Immunoglobulin Adjunctive Therapy in Severe Acute Bacterial Infections: The TO-PIRO SCORE Proposal.New Microbiol. 2019 Jul;42(3):176-180. Epub 2019 Jun 3.
29	Gut microbiota elicits a protective immune response against malaria transmission.Cell. 2014 Dec 4;159(6):1277-89. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.053.
30	Immune response in rats against lipopolysaccharides of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bacteroides oralis administered in the root canal. Scand J Dent Res. 1980 Apr;88(2):122-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1980.tb01203.x.
31	Effects of mesalazine combined with bifid triple viable on intestinal flora, immunoglobulin and levels of cal, MMP-9, and MPO in feces of patients with ulcerative colitis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020 Jan;24(2):935-942. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202001_20079.
32	How Streptococcus suis serotype 2 attempts to avoid attack by host immune defenses. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2019 Aug;52(4):516-525. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.03.003. Epub 2019 Mar 27.
33	Vibrio cholerae at the Intersection of Immunity and the Microbiome. mSphere. 2019 Nov 27;4(6):e00597-19. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00597-19.

If you find any error in data or bug in web service, please kindly report it to Dr. Tang and Dr. Mou.