General Information of HIF (ID: HIFC0020)
HIF Name	Macrophages
HIF Synonym(s)	macrophage, Macrophages
HIF Classification	Macrophages (Mac)
Description	Macrophages are a type of white blood cell of the immune system, that engulfs and digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have the type of proteins specific to healthy body cells on its surface in a process called phagocytosis.				[1]

Microbe Species (MIC) Regulated by This HIF
Aspergillus fumigatus (ascomycetes)			MIC00103
Description	Macrophages are critical for protection against pathogenic Aspergillus fumigatus.				[2]
Bordetella bronchiseptica (beta-proteobacteria)			MIC00245
Description	Bordetella bronchiseptica is able to modulate cytokine production by macrophages.				[3]
Clostridioides difficile (firmicutes)			MIC00396
Description	Clostridium difficile Toxins A and B induced inflammasome activation and signaling in macrophages.				[4]
Corynebacterium glutamicum (actinobacteria)			MIC00455
Description	Cell wall extracts of Corynebacterium glutamicum stimulated the inflammatory response of macrophages in a dose-dependent manner.				[5]
Coxiella burnetii (gamma-proteobacteria)			MIC00467
Description	Macrophages are well-known targets of Coxiella burnetii.				[6]
Cronobacter sakazakii (enterobacteria)			MIC00469
Description	Cronobacter sakazakii strains used in the survival experiments showed the ability to persist within human macrophages cell line U937 for up to 72h of incubation.				[7]
Desulfovibrio vulgaris (delta-proteobacteria)			MIC00502
Description	The Desulfovibrio vulgaris wild-type strain suffered an approximately 30% decrease in survival upon coculture with macrophages(P< 0.005).				[8]
Ehrlichia chaffeensis (alpha-proteobacteria)			MIC00523
Description	Ehrlichia chaffeensis lipoproteins can activate microbicidal activities of macrophages through Toll-like receptor 2.				[9]
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (firmicutes)			MIC00559
Description	Macrophage expressed IL-18 in host defenses against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection.				[10]
Escherichia coli (enterobacteria)			MIC00516
Description	Macrophages from adult colon excelled at taking up fluorescently labeled Escherichia coli into acidified vesicles.				[11]
Eubacterium saphenum (firmicutes)			MIC00579
Description	Macrophages appeared in peritoneal exudates after the injection of Eubacterium saphenum.				[12]
Flavonifractor plautii (firmicutes)			MIC01414
Description	Flavonifractor plautii enhanced respiratory defenses via granulocyte-macrophages colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling.				[13]
Fusobacterium necrophorum (fusobacteria)			MIC00616
Description	Fusobacterium necrophorum cells were mainly sequestered in phagocytic vacuoles in the cytoplasni of macrophages. And abscesses during early Fusobacterium necrophorum infection contained more macrophages.				[14]
Lactobacillus crispatus (firmicutes)			MIC00710
Description	Fusobacterium necrophorum is associated with macrophages response.				[15]
Lactobacillus paracasei (firmicutes)			MIC00726
Description	Lactobacillus paracasei infection induced enhanced anti-inflammatory macrophages.				[16]
Leptospira interrogans (spirochaetes)			MIC00759
Description	Macrophages play a key role in fighting infection and pathogen clearance of Leptospira interrogans.				[17]
Leptotrichia goodfellowii (fusobacteria)			MIC00762
Description	Leptotrichia was able to trigger the transcription level of IL-10 in epithelial cells which could prohibit excessive immune response by suppressing the antigen-presenting capacity of macrophages.				[18]
Leuconostoc citreum (firmicutes)			MIC00764
Description	Leuconostoc citreum HJ-P4 induces interleukin-12 through nuclear factor-kappa B and p38/c-Jun N-terminal kinases signaling in macrophages.				[19]
Listeria monocytogenes (firmicutes)			MIC00771
Description	Activated macrophage can handle and directly kill Listeria monocytogenes.				[20]
Mycobacterium sp. (actinobacteria)			MIC00855
Description	Mycobacterium sp. up-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine including TNF-, IFN-, IL-6 and IL-8 in macrophages.				[21]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (actinobacteria)			MIC00857
Description	Macrophages are known to be the main host cell target for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.				[22]
Mycobacteroides abscessus (actinobacteria)			MIC00845
Description	Macrophages can polarize into two subtypes (M1 and M2) in response to Mycobacterium infections.				[23]
Mycoplasma agalactiae (mycoplasmas)			MIC00862
Description	Mycoplasma agalactiae is associated with macrophages response.				[24]
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (mycoplasmas)			MIC00875
Description	Mycoplasma pneumoniae-derived ADP-ribosylating and vacuolating toxin called community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) toxin is capable of triggering NLRP3 (NLR-family, leucine-rich repeat protein 3) inflammasome activation and interleukin-1 (IL-1) secretion in macrophages.				[25]
Neisseria sp. (beta-proteobacteria)			MIC00900
Description	The class A scavenger receptor on macrophages can enhance Neisseria uptake.				[26]
Pediococcus pentosaceus (firmicutes)			MIC01430
Description	Pediococcus pentosaceus stimulated IFN-gamma-primed macrophages to induce immune responses.				[27]
Plesiomonas shigelloides (enterobacteria)			MIC00994
Description	The heptaacylated form of Plesiomonas shigelloides lipid A(LA) exhibited strong effect on proinflammatory activity, significantly decreasing the levels of all tested cytokines in human macrophages.				[28]
Propionibacterium freudenreichii (actinobacteria)			MIC01033
Description	Attenuation of colitis by DHNA from Propionibacterium freudenreichii may partly be a result of its direct action on intestinal macrophages to inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production.				[29]
Rhodococcus hoagii (actinobacteria)			MIC01092
Description	Intracellular replication of Rhodococcus equi was associated with macrophages response.				[30]
Rhodopseudomonas palustris (alpha-proteobacteria)			MIC01096
Description	RPEPS-30 from Rhodopseudomonas palustris could enhance mRNA expression of cytokines in macrophages.				[31]
Rickettsia prowazekii (alpha-proteobacteria)			MIC01108
Description	Macrophages can kill Rickettsia prowazekii in the protection of subjects against rickettsial infections.				[32]
Roseburia intestinalis (firmicutes)			MIC01118
Description	Roseburia intestinalis supernatant suppressed expression of interleukin (IL) 6 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) by macrophages.				[33]
Serratia marcescens (enterobacteria)			MIC01171
Description	Serratia marcescens activated bone marrow derived macrophages.				[34]
Spirochaetes (bacteria)			MIC01204
Description	Treponema lecithinolyticum among Spirochaetes induced the production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor-a, interferon-b and IL-1b by macrophage-like cell lines.				[35]
Streptococcus gallolyticus (firmicutes)			MIC01251
Description	Streptococcus gallolyticus selectively recruits tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells but not mast cells, including tumor-associated macrophages.				[36]
Streptococcus pyogenes (firmicutes)			MIC01267
Description	Streptococcus pyogenes is associated with macrophages response.				[37]
Streptococcus salivarius (firmicutes)			MIC01268
Description	Streptococcus salivarius-specific granzyme B responses was mediated by CD8 T cell and the polarization of macrophages could influence the potency of CD8 T cell responses.				[38]
Treponema pallidum (spirochaetes)			MIC01325
Description	The P2X7 receptor promotes phagocytosis in the macrophage response to Treponema pallidum.				[39]
Trueperella pyogenes (actinobacteria)			MIC01335
Description	Trueperella pyogenes is associated with macrophages response.				[40]
Yersinia enterocolitica (enterobacteria)			MIC01398
Description	The culture supernatant of plasmid-bearing Yersinia enterocolitica induced suppression of TNF-alpha mRNA expression in macrophage.				[41]
Yersinia pestis (enterobacteria)			MIC01401
Description	Macrophage was the first defense against Yersinia pestis invading through phagocytosis and killing.				[42]

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