General Information of MIC (ID: MIC00516)
MIC Name	Escherichia coli (enterobacteria)
MIC Synonyms	Bacillus coli
Body Site	Gut
Lineage	Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacterales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Escherichia Species: Escherichia coli
Oxygen Sensitivity	Facultative anaerobe
Microbial Metabolism	Fermentative or Respiratory; Utilize various carbohydrates; amino acids and TCA cycle intermediates
Gram	Negative
Host Relationship	Commensal
Genome Size (bp)	5140092
No. of Coding Genes	5494
No. of Non-Coding Genes	113
No. of Small Non-Coding Genes	113
No. of Gene Transcripts	5607
No. of Base Pairs	5443340
Description	Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli, is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms. Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts. The harmless strains are part of the normal microbiota of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K, and preventing colonisation of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria, having a symbiotic relationship.
External Links	Taxonomy ID	562
	Genome Assembly ID	ASM301845v1
	GOLD Organism ID	Go0001810

Host Immune Factor (HIF) Regulating This MIC
Adrenomedullin
HIF ID	HIFM0003	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Ultrastructural analyses have shown that treatment with Adrenomedullin(AM) causes a cell-wall disruption in Escherichia coli.				[1]
Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide
HIF ID	HIFM0014	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	LL-37 showed the high antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, and its minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) determined for Escherichia coli was 1.65 uM. The LL-37 could permeabilize cell membranes of Escherichia coli by increasing the beta-galactosidase activity.				[2]
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone alpha
HIF ID	HIFM0064	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	The ability of the Escherichia coli ClpB protein to stimulate production of Alpha-MSH crossreactive auto-Abs was validated.				[3]
C-X-C motif chemokine 14
HIF ID	HIFM0077	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	The recombinant CXCL14 demonstrates antimicrobial effects against Escherichia coli at 10g/ml.				[4]
Human beta defensin 3
HIF ID	HIFM0079	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	The expression of HBD3 increases the cellular uptake of Escherichia coli and self-DNA into mouse Flt-3 induced dendritic cells (FLDCs) (p-value<0.01).				[5]
Defensin beta 120
HIF ID	HIFM0084	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	The DEFB120 peptide possessed potent killing with LD90 of 60g/ml against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans.				[6]
Human beta-defensin 10
HIF ID	HIFM0091	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	The hBD10 inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli at the concentration of 25M for 6 hours.				[7]
Human beta defensin 2
HIF ID	HIFM0092	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Escherichia coli strains are able to induce secretion of hBD-2 from enterocytes.				[8]
Eosinophil cationic protein
HIF ID	HIFM0094	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	The RNase 3 showed bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli when the hemolytic activity of 11.2M.				[9]
Isoform 2
HIF ID	HIFM0106	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Membrane blebbing was observed on Escherichia coli incubated with alarin at 20M.				[10]
Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 1
HIF ID	HIFM0111	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	The IC50 value of Hepcidin for Escherichia coli is 18.66M.				[11]
Interleukin 26
HIF ID	HIFM0146	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	The recombinant human IL-26 inhibited the growth of gram-negative bacteria (such as Escherichia coli) by direct bactericidal action and the median minimum inhibitory concentration values were in the range of 8.6 to 18.6 M.				[12]
Regenerating islet-derived protein 3-beta
HIF ID	HIFM0197	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	The recombinant purified RegIII had bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and the effective doses for bactericidal activity were below 2.5 M.				[13]
Ribonuclease 7
HIF ID	HIFM0201	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	RNase 7 showed potent antimicrobial activity against uropathogenic Escherichia coli.				[14]
Human calcitermin
HIF ID	HIFM0206	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Calcitermin of 50ug/ml had inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli.				[15]
Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor
HIF ID	HIFM0208	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitoris (SLPI) has antiprotease activity and is detrimental to Escherichia coli.				[16]
Human alpha-synuclein
HIF ID	HIFM0209	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Colonization with curli-producing Escherichia coli can promote alpha-Syn pathology in the gut and the brain.				[17]
Human lactoferricin
HIF ID	HIFM0237	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Lactoferricin has shown antibacterial activity against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.				[18]
HD-5(1-13)
HIF ID	HIFM0288	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Additional big HD-5113 treatment led to bigger aggradation inside the bacteria Escherichia coli MC1000.				[19]
hGAPDH(2-32)
HIF ID	HIFM0293	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	The antifungal activities hGAPDH(2-32) with 10 g/ml is less active against Escherichia coli.				[20]
Human neutrophil peptide-1
HIF ID	HIFM0305	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	The lethal concentrations of HNP-1 for killing Escherichia coli is 1.0M.				[21]
Human neutrophil peptide-4
HIF ID	HIFM0308	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Human neutrophil defensin 4 (HNP4) displays more than 100-fold higher activity against Escherichia coli compared with other defensins.				[22]
Human Salvic peptide
HIF ID	HIFM0310	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Salvic expresses 46 amino acids peptide (pI=9.45) possessing an antimicrobial activity on Escherichia coli.				[23]
Koebnerisin
HIF ID	HIFM0325	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Escherichia coli could significantly induce human S100A15 transcript abundance.				[24]
Semenogelin I-derived AMP 29-residues, human
HIF ID	HIFM0326	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	SgI-29 has a defense against Escherichia coli.				[10]
SPINK9-v1
HIF ID	HIFM0328	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	In the presence of 1% of tryptic soy broth (TSB), rSPINK9-v1 showed high killing activity against Escherichia coli; in contrast, without the presence of TSB, rSPINK9-v1 showed no killing activity.				[25]
Ubiquicidin
HIF ID	HIFM0333	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	The abundance of Escherichia coli is associated with Ubiquicidin.				[26]
Ubiquitin
HIF ID	HIFM0334	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Escherichia coli bacteria could modulate ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) turnover.				[27]
Human beta-defensin-28
HIF ID	HIFM0338	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Human HBD-28 variant has inhibitory effect against pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli.				[28]
Human drosomycin-like defensin
HIF ID	HIFM0298	HIF Info	Class	Antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
Description	Neither Human drosomycin-like defensin nor drosomycin was active against the bacteria Escherichia coli.				[29]
B cells
HIF ID	HIFC0001	HIF Info	Class	B cells (BCs)
Description	Escherichia coli induced B cells to generate CNS-reactive autoantibodies.				[30]
IgG plasma B cell
HIF ID	HIFC0219	HIF Info	Class	B cells (BCs)
Description	Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) vaccine exhibited positive IgG plasma cell responses.				[31]
IgA plasma B cell
HIF ID	HIFC0221	HIF Info	Class	B cells (BCs)
Description	The expression of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) vaccine exhibited positive IgA plasma cell responses.				[31]
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1b
HIF ID	HIFM0039	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	CD1b dextramers loaded with natural PG from Escherichia coli.				[32]
DNAX accessory molecule-1
HIF ID	HIFM0042	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	The ectodomain of human CD226 (hCD226-ecto) was expressed in Escherichia coli cells as inclusion bodies.				[33]
Natural killer cell receptor 2B4
HIF ID	HIFM0043	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	A single-chain Fv construct of the 2B4 T-cell receptor has been made and expressed in Escherichia coli as bacterial inclusion bodies.				[34]
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 7
HIF ID	HIFM0044	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	The abundance of Escherichia coli was associated with higher numbers of CD20(+) B cells that expressed the memory marker CD27 at 4 and 18 month of age.				[35]
B7 homolog 3
HIF ID	HIFM0045	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	B7-H3 based on its emerging potential as a therapeutic target displayed high expression levels in Escherichia coli.				[36]
CD40 ligand
HIF ID	HIFM0051	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	T helper cells up-regulates CD40L (CD154) when stimulated with antigens from Escherichia coli.				[37]
CEA cell adhesion molecule 1
HIF ID	HIFM0057	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	CEACAM1 serves as a receptor for Escherichia coli pathogens in humans.				[38]
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
HIF ID	HIFM0068	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	Changes in CTLA-4 activity regulate the abundance of Escherichia coli.				[39]
T cell immunoglobulin 3
HIF ID	HIFM0110	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	TIM-3 expressed in neutrophils is directly involved in reducing the abundance of Escherichia coli.				[40]
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1
HIF ID	HIFM0120	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) promotes uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) colonization of bladder in murine cystitis and survival of extracellular bacteria.				[41]
ICOS ligand
HIF ID	HIFM0125	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	Escherichia coli stimulation resulted in an increased percentage of CD11c-positive cells expressing B7RP-1 (ICOSLG).				[42]
Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3
HIF ID	HIFM0164	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	The abundance of Escherichia coli is associated with CD58 activation.				[43]
Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 15
HIF ID	HIFM0224	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	The p38 MAPK inhibitors significantly reduced Escherichia coli induced TL1A mRNA in both monocytes (p-value<0.001).				[44]
Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 18
HIF ID	HIFM0225	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	The extracellular domain of human GITR ligand has been expressed and purified in Escherichia coli.				[45]
Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 9
HIF ID	HIFM0228	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	The extracellular domain of the 4-1BBL ligand fused with glutathione-S-transferase is expressed in Escherichia coli.				[46]
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 18
HIF ID	HIFM0230	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	GITR contributes to the systemic adjuvanticity of the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.				[47]
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1c
HIF ID	HIFM0040	HIF Info	Class	Checkpoint molecule (CM)
Description	CD1c protein changed the abundance of Escherichia coli.				[48]
C-C motif chemokine 20
HIF ID	HIFM0023	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	CCL20 has a property conferring a direct antimicrobial enzymatic activity against Escherichia coli.				[49]
C-X-C motif chemokine 2
HIF ID	HIFM0069	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	The expression of CXCL2 was found to positively correlate with the pro-inflammatory bacterium Escherichia coli.				[50]
C-X-C motif chemokine 1
HIF ID	HIFM0109	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Basolateral Escherichia coli infection induced about 60-fold increase in CXCL1 transcription.				[51]
Interferon-13
HIF ID	HIFM0132	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Escherichia coli increased the IL-13 expression.				[52]
Interferon-4
HIF ID	HIFM0149	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Splenic TFF2 in attenuating SR-induced reduced protective ability against Escherichia coli (E. coli) pneumonia and increased expression of IL-4.				[52]
Interferon-5
HIF ID	HIFM0150	HIF Info	Class	Cytokine (Cyt)
Description	Escherichia coli increased significantly the mRNA expression (p-value<0.01) of thehe pro-Th2 cytokine IL-5 (2.56 fold change) in IPEC-1 cells.				[53]
Skin conventional dendritic cells
HIF ID	HIFC0161	HIF Info	Class	Dendritic cells (DCs)
Description	Neutrophil recruitment by dermal skin conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) was also observed during Escherichia coli.				[54]
Conventional dendritic cells
HIF ID	HIFC0164	HIF Info	Class	Dendritic cells (DCs)
Description	Escherichia coli infection led to a reproducible increase in TNF production by conventional dendritic cells in response to poly or lipopolysaccharide.				[55]
Immunoglobulin alpha Fc receptor
HIF ID	HIFM0097	HIF Info	Class	Fc Receptor (FCR)
Description	After targeting FcRI (CD89), neutrophils enhanced the effect of reducing Escherichia coli abundance.				[56]
Neutrophils
HIF ID	HIFC0029	HIF Info	Class	Granulocytes (Gra)
Description	The bacterium Escherichia coli could cross-react with melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH).				[30]
Immunoglobulin M
HIF ID	HIFM0266	HIF Info	Class	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Description	IgM leads to protection against bacterial infection of Escherichia coli.				[57]
Immunoglobulin G1
HIF ID	HIFM0269	HIF Info	Class	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Description	Immunoglobulin G1 decreases the abundance of Escherichia coli.				[58]
Immunoglobulin G
HIF ID	HIFM0270	HIF Info	Class	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Description	The 50-g dose of double mutant heat-labile enterotoxin (dmLT) of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli recipients trended toward stronger responses than the 100-g dose recipients by serum IgG (67% versus 33%, p-value= 0.22).				[31]
Immunoglobulin E
HIF ID	HIFM0271	HIF Info	Class	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Description	Low Escherichia coli is positively associated with IgE immune responses.				[59]
Immunoglobulin A
HIF ID	HIFM0272	HIF Info	Class	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Description	The monoclonal IgA antibodies W27 with potent relative binding ability against Escherichia coli (an optical density of about 4 at an antibody concentration of 50 ug/ml) could inhibit the enzymatic activity of the serine hydroxymethyltransferase, which resulted in growth suppression of Escherichia coli. When the concentrations of IgA W27 were 23 ug/ml, 70 ug/ml and 210 ug/ml, the cell growth of Escherichia coli was inhibited significantly in a dose-dependent manner (~108 cells, ~106 cells, ~103 cells, respectively) (p-value<0.05).				[60]
Immunoglobulin D
HIF ID	HIFM0277	HIF Info	Class	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Description	IgD levels in uncinate tissue were significantly higher in patients who possessed pathogenic Escherichia coli bacterial growth compared with those without bacterial growth (p-value<0.05).				[61]
Immunoglobulin G3
HIF ID	HIFM0267	HIF Info	Class	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Description	Escherichia coli was associated with IgG3 response.				[62]
Type 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells
HIF ID	HIFC0009	HIF Info	Class	Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)
Description	Innate lymphoid cell type 3Cderived interleukin-22 boosts the expression and production of lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and resulting inhibiting growth of Escherichia coli.				[63]
Macrophages
HIF ID	HIFC0020	HIF Info	Class	Macrophages (Mac)
Description	Macrophages from adult colon excelled at taking up fluorescently labeled Escherichia coli into acidified vesicles.				[64]
Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor
HIF ID	HIFM0250	HIF Info	Class	MHC-I receptor (MHCIR)
Description	Expression in Escherichia coli has been achieved by replacing three fourths of the transmembrane pore with the pore of a prokaryotic Kir channel.				[65]
CD16 + monocytes
HIF ID	HIFC0118	HIF Info	Class	Monocytes (Mono)
Description	CD16+ monocytes expressed IL-6 in response to stimulation with LPS from Escherichia coli, and more than 80% of CD16+ monocytes expressed cytoplasmic IL-6.				[66]
CD16- monocytes
HIF ID	HIFC0119	HIF Info	Class	Monocytes (Mono)
Description	CD16- monocytes expressed IL-6 in response to stimulation with LPS from Escherichia coli, although only about 60% of CD16- monocytes expressed IL-6.				[66]
CD14+ monocytes
HIF ID	HIFC0205	HIF Info	Class	Monocytes (Mono)
Description	CD14+ monocytes have higher phagocytic activity than CD14- monocytes for Echerichia coli.				[67]
CD14+ CD16+ monocytes
HIF ID	HIFC0209	HIF Info	Class	Monocytes (Mono)
Description	CD14+CD16+ monocytes increased in children with hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli bacteria.				[68]
CD14- monocytes
HIF ID	HIFC0213	HIF Info	Class	Monocytes (Mono)
Description	Experiments performed with Echerichia coli showed that CD14- monocytes have lower phagocytic activity than CD14+ monocytes.				[67]
TNF+ monocytes
HIF ID	HIFC0215	HIF Info	Class	Monocytes (Mono)
Description	The percentage of TNF-alpha producing monocytes increased after Escherichia coli infection from 11.5 % to 47.2% 4 hours post infectionem.				[69]
GFP- monocytes
HIF ID	HIFC0216	HIF Info	Class	Monocytes (Mono)
Description	Escherichia coli infection induced by stander-apoptosis of GFP- monocytes.				[69]
Peripheral blood natural killer cells
HIF ID	HIFC0181	HIF Info	Class	Natural killer cells (NKCs)
Description	Peripheral blood NK cells conferred protection against intestinal epithelial barrier damage induced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in NCM460 cells in vitro.				[70]
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma
HIF ID	HIFM0205	HIF Info	Class	Retinoic acid receptor (RAR)
Description	RORC expression was associated with Escherichia coli.				[71]
CD3+ T cells
HIF ID	HIFC0064	HIF Info	Class	T cells (TCs)
Description	Escherichia coli-induced TNF-like ligand 1A drived intestinal CD3+ T cells activation during colitis.				[72]
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4
HIF ID	HIFM0050	HIF Info	Class	T-cell receptor (TCR)
Description	Escherichia coli and B animalis reactive CD4+ T-cell lines were strongly restimulated when cultured with autologous monocytes loaded with Escherichia coli or B animalis lysates.				[73]

Environmental Factor(s)
Disbiome ID			51
gutMDisorder ID			gm0305
aBiofilm Organism			Escherichia coli

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